Starostwo of Draheim
or
Drahim
(
Polish
:
starostwo drahimskie
,
German
:
Starostei Draheim
) was a
starostwo
(crown territory) of the
Polish kingdom
from the 15th century, seated in
Draheim
. Pawned to
Brandenburg-Prussia
in 1657, it was directly incorporated into the
Kingdom of Prussia
in 1772 as
Amt
Draheim
and the
Town of
Tempelburg
.
History
[
edit
]
In the
High Middle Ages
, the region of the later starostwo was a borderland of the
Piast Kingdom of Poland
with
Duchy of Pomerania
and
Margraviate of Brandenburg
. In 1268, the largely unsettled area was given to the
Knights Templar
by the Polish duke
Przemysł II
.
[1]
The order invited German settlers (
Ostsiedlung
).
[2]
The German name
Tempelburg
for present-day Polish
Czaplinek
dates back to that era, and derives from the German name of the Knights Templar,
Templer
.
[1]
In 1312, the order was dissolved, and its possessions were taken over by the
Knights Hospitaller
.
[1]
Draheim Castle (in the area of modern
Stare Drawsko
) was built in the mid-14th century at the crossing of the trade route
via marchionis
from Pomeranian
Stargard
to
Danzig
and the
via regalis
from
Kolberg
to
Pozna?
.
[3]
In 1368, during an exchange of territories, Margrave
Otto VII of Brandenburg
gave the areas around Czaplinek and
Wałcz
(
Deutsch Krone
) to the Polish king
Casimir III the Great
, who in 1370 established Wałcz County (
powiat
Wałcz
) from these accessions: part of the
Pozna? Voivodeship
(palatinate), it consisted of seven loosely connected regions in royal or noble possession subordinate to the judicum castrensis in Wałcz.
[1]
Draheim was made one of three (sub-)starosties of the county, the other ones being Usz-Pila (
Schneidemuhl
) and Wałcz.
[1]
In addition to the three starosties, four regions consisting of allodial possessions of the
von Wedell
, von der Goltz and Czarnowski families were also part of the county.
[1]
These noble families were also in possession of areas in Pomerania, the Brandeburgian
Neumark
and other parts of Poland, and also of areas within the Draheim starosty.
[1]
Draheim Castle was a royal possession.
[1]
The starost of Draheim (also
tenutarius
or
capitaneatus tenutae
) was appointed for life by the Polish king, who owned a quarter of the starosty's income.
[4]
The starost was in charge of the local administration, military and jurisdiction.
[4]
His German subjects however, in contrast to peasants on Polish noble estates, were able to appeal his judicial decisions at the court in Wałcz, and were repeatedly assured this right in respective documents.
[4]
When in the late 14th century the southwestern territories of Heinrichsdorf-Warlange and Brotzen-Machlin became allodial possessions of the von der Goltz family, who before had held the areas as fiefs, and were thus excluded from the starosty, Draheim lost a direct land route to the rest of Walcz county.
[3]
Draheim was then surrounded by the Imperial Duchy of Pomerania in the north, east and southeast, with the exception of the small enclave of Groß Poplow-Brutzen which was in the possession of the von Manteuffel family and directly under the Polish crown; in the southeast, Draheim bordered the Neumark exclave Groß Zacharin-Doderlage.
[3]
The border was not fixed, but varied according to the ability of competing nobles in the frontier region to manifest their respective claims.
[5]
When a noble perceived an intrusion into his territory, he and his subjects traditionally reacted with an inequatio, a mounted raid, into the territory of his competitor on the other side of the border.
[5]
This practice persisted in Walcz county until the late 18th century.
[6]
In 1407 German and Polish nobility conquered the castle of
Draheim (Stare Drawsko)
. These
robber barons
used the region as a base for raids until 1422, when they were defeated by the burghers of
Dramburg (Drawsko Pomorskie)
. In 1438 the
Teutonic Knights
recognized Polish control of the region.
In the 16th century the region largely converted to
Lutheranism
during the
Protestant Reformation
. During the
counter-reformation
, of the three important families only the von der Goltzs remained
Protestant
, while the von Wedells and Czarnowskis converted to
Roman Catholicism
, maintaining however a tolerant attitude towards the Protestant settlers.
[4]
Starost Jan Czarnowski expelled the Protestant preachers in 1625; the churches were restored to Catholicism, although the populace remained largely Protestant.
Also in the 16th century, conditions for peasants worsened in the neighboring
Duchy of Pomerania
due to the implementation of stringent
serfdom
.
[7]
Many peasants fled from Pomerania to Draheim and other parts of Walcz county, where the nobles offered them hereditary farmland in deserted villages and clearances which they were to settle according to German law.
[8]
The settlers primarily originated in Pomeranian and Neumark areas no more than 50 kilometres (31 mi) away from the Draheim border, and their influx continued throughout the 16th and 17th centuries despite protests of their former superiors.
[9]
This migration was enhanced by the
Thirty Years War
, during which Pomerania and Neumark were devastated, while the Polish territories were spared.
[9]
Orders of the Polish king to expel the refugees were ignored by the local nobles.
[10]
New villages were founded according to
Magdeburg law
: their settlement was organized by a
Schulze
, usually a rich farmer or
burgher
, who bought the office from the landlord and worked out the contracts (
Privilegien
or
Lehnsbrieffe
[sic!]) with the peasants.
[10]
Schulzes as well as free peasants and pub owners were required to attend their landlord in arms when it came to the abovementioned border skirmishes with competing nobles.
[11]
Since a schulze was able to partition and sell his estate, with the heirs or other acquiring party gaining all privileges of a schulze even if owning only part of such an estate, the number of schulzes increased significantly over time.
[12]
This process was enhanced by the landlords, who needed the schulzes' armed services at the border.
[13]
In July 1655, during the
Second Northern War
, Draheim was devastated by a trespassing
Swedish
army.
[14]
A Brandenburgian report noted that no more than 150 inhabitants remained, the rest had fled to nearby areas, but hesitated to return as they were deprived of all their means.
[14]
Poland pawned Draheim to
Brandenburg-Prussia
in the 1657
Treaty of Bromberg
. This arrangement was confirmed in the 1660
Treaty of Oliva
, but
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
, did not take control of the territory until 1668.
Berlin
subsequently administered the territory through the office of an
Amtmann
, who had his seat in
Draheim Castle
. It was later leased to domain tenants.
According to the Treaty of Bromberg, Frederick William promised not to infringe upon the rights of the Roman Catholic Church in Draheim. The number of Protestants in the territory gradually shrank. It was not until the reign of King
Frederick William I of Prussia
(1713–40) that a Protestant church was built in Tempelburg.
Draheim's role as a fief of Poland ended with the
First Partition of Poland
in 1772. In spite of being included as part of
Kreis Neustettin
,
Regierungsbezirk Koslin
within
Province of Pomerania
in 1817, the territory remained outside of the
German Confederation
and became part of
Germany
only upon formation of the
North German Confederation
in
1866
. It also remained a part of the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pozna?
until becoming part of the newly established
Apostolic Administration of Tutz
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Motsch (2001), p. 70
- ^
Motsch (2001), p. 39
- ^
a
b
c
Motsch (2001), p. 72
- ^
a
b
c
d
Motsch (2001), p. 71
- ^
a
b
Motsch (2001), p. 55
- ^
Motsch (2001), p. 56
- ^
Motsch (2001), p. 40
- ^
Motsch (2001), p. 41
- ^
a
b
Motsch (2001), p. 42
- ^
a
b
Motsch (2001), p. 44
- ^
Motsch (2001), p. 48
- ^
Motsch (2001), pp. 48,50
- ^
Motsch (2001), p. 50
- ^
a
b
Motsch (2001), p. 51
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Christoph Motsch:
Grenzgesellschaft und fruhmoderner Staat. Die Starostei Draheim zwischen Hinterpommern, der Neumark und Großpolen (1575?1805)
. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gottingen 2001,
ISBN
3-525-35634-X
.
(in German)
- Haik Thomas Porada, Michael Lissok:
Die fruhere Starostei Draheim und die Stadt Tempelburg.
In:
Pommern. Zeitschrift fur Kultur und Geschichte.
Heft 2/2002,
ISSN
0032-4167
, S. 2?9.
(in German)
- Martin Wehrmann:
Geschichte von Pommern
. Band 2. 2. Auflage. Friedrich Andreas Perthes, Gotha 1921, S. 179. Nachdruck: Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 1992,
ISBN
3-89350-112-6
.
(in German)
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53°36′07″N
16°11′44″E
/
53.6019°N 16.1956°E
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53.6019; 16.1956