????? ????

????????? ???? ???????? ???
??????? ???????????? ???
????? ???? (Lake Baikal)
??????? Siberia , Russia
???????? 53°30′N 108°0′E  /  53.5°N 108°E  / 53.5; 108 ???????? : 53°30′N 108°0′E  /  53.5°N 108°E  / 53.5; 108
Primary inflows Selenge , Barguzin , Upper Angara
Primary outflows Angara
Catchment area 5,60,000 ???? ??.??. (5.60000000 × 10 11  ???? ?????)
Basin countries Russia and Mongolia
Max. length 636 km (395 ????)
Max. width 79 km (49 ????)
Surface area 31,722 ???? ??.??. (3.1722 × 10 10  ???? ?????) [1]
Average depth 744.4 ????? (2,442 ???) [1]
Max. depth 1,642 ????? (5,387 ???) [1]
Water volume ????:Convert/km3 [1]
Residence time 330 years [2]
Shore length 1 2,100 km (1,300 ????)
Surface elevation 455.5 ????? (1,494 ???)
Frozen January?May
Islands 27 ( Olkhon )
Settlements Irkutsk
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure .

????? ???? ( ??? : о?зеро Байка?л , tr. Ozero Baykal ; IPA:  [?oz??r? b?j?k?l] ; ????:Lang-bxr , ????????? : Байгал нуур , Baygal nuur , meaning "nature lake"; [3] ) ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????-??????? Irkutsk Oblast ??? ???-??????? ???????? ????????? (Buryat Republic) ??????? ?

????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? (freshwater lake) ? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??% ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? (unfrozen surface fresh water.) ??? ?????? ? [4] [5] ?? ????? ?????? 1,642 ????? (5,387 ???) [1] ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? [6] ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? [7] ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? [8] [9] ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ? ???? (surface area) ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????:Convert/km3 ?????? [1] ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? (Great Lakes) ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? [10]

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? (ancient rift valley) ???? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ???? 31,722 ???? ??.??. (12,248 ???? ????) ?

??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ???? ?????? ?,??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???-????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? [11] ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ? [12] ?? ???? ???????? ?????? (Buryat tribes) ?? ???????? [13] [14] ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? [14] ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????:Convert/?1  °C (?2 °F) ??? ???????? ????????? 14 °C (57 °F). [15]

?????????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  • Lake Baikal as seen from the OrbView-2 satellite
    Lake Baikal as seen from the OrbView-2 satellite
  • Spring ice melt underway on Lake Baikal
    Spring ice melt underway on Lake Baikal
  • Circle of thin ice, diameter of 4.4 km (2.7 মাইল) at the lake's southern tip, probably caused by convection
    Circle of thin ice, diameter of 4.4 km (2.7 ????) at the lake's southern tip, probably caused by convection
  • Delta of the Selenga River, Baikal's main tributary
    Delta of the Selenga River , Baikal's main tributary
  • Mountains seen from the banks of Baikal
    Mountains seen from the banks of Baikal
  • View of Lake Baikal
    View of Lake Baikal
  • Shamanka, or Shaman's Rock on Olkhon Island
    Shamanka, or Shaman's Rock on Olkhon Island
  • Icebound shore of Baikal in early April, at Listvyanka
    Icebound shore of Baikal in early April, at Listvyanka
  • Pod of seals on Baikal
    Pod of seals on Baikal
  • Late 19th-century steam icebreaker Baikal in port
    Late 19th-century steam icebreaker Baikal in port
  • Baikal omul at market
    Baikal omul at market

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. MORPHOMETRIC DATA. INTAS Project 99-1669.Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St.Petersburg, Russian Federation" . Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181225085935/http://users.ugent.be/~mdbatist/intas/morphometry.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 9 July 2009 .  
  2. ↑ M.A. Grachev. "On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal" . Lymnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181225085939/http://lin.irk.ru/en/ecological-system/introduction ? ???? ??? ????: 9 July 2009 .  
  3. ↑ Altangerel Damdinsuren, English to Mongolian Dictionary (1998) Silverland: A Winter Journey Beyond the Urals , London, John Murray, page 173
  4. ↑ "Lake Baikal: the great blue eye of Siberia" . CNN. Archived from the original on 11 October 2006 . http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/russia/story/train/lake.baikal/ ? ???? ??? ????: 21 October 2006 .  
  5. ↑ ??????? ??????: ???? <ref> ???; oddities ???? ref? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???
  6. ↑ "Deepest Lake in the World" . geology.com . http://geology.com/records/deepest-lake.shtml ? ???? ??? ????: 18 August 2007 .  
  7. ↑ Jung, J.; Hojnowski, C., Jenkins, H., Ortiz, A., Brinkley, C., Cadish, L., Evans, A., Kissinger, P., Ordal, L., Osipova, S., Smith, A., Vredeveld, B., Hodge, T., Kohler, S., Rodenhouse, N. and Moore, M. (2004). "Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size" . In Smirnov, A.I.; Izmest'eva, L.R.. Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk, Russia . ??????. 131?140. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Faculty/Mmoore/Content/JUNG_et_al_2004.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 9 August 2009 .  
  8. ↑ Fact Sheet: Lake Baikal ? A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies , July 1993 (accessed 4 December 2007)
  9. ↑ "Lake Baikal ? UNESCO World Heritage Centre" . http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754 ? ???? ??? ????: 5 October 2012 .  
  10. ↑ 1001 natural wonders : you must see before you die . preface by Koichiro Mastsuura (2009 ????????). ??????? London: Cassell Illustrated. 2010. ??????. 620. ISBN   9781844036745 .  
  11. ↑ "Russia" . Britannica Student Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2007 .  
  12. ↑ "Lake Baikal ? World Heritage Site" . World Heritage . http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754 ? ???? ??? ????: 13 January 2007 .  
  13. ↑ M. Hammer and T. Karafet (1995). "DNA & the peopling of Siberia" . Smithsonian Institution . http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/peopling_siberia.html ? ???? ??? ????: 9 August 2009 .  
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 S. Hudgins (2003) (PDF). The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East . Texas A&M University Press . http://www.tamupress.com/product/Other-Side-of-Russia,4080.aspx ? ???? ??? ????: 9 August 2009 .  
  15. ↑ Fefelov, I.; Tupitsyn, I. (August 2004). "Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia" (PDF). Wader Study Group Bulletin ???? 104 : 66?78 . http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/iwsgb/v104/p00066-p00078.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 9 August 2009 .  

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????????? ?????? Lake Baikal ?????????? ??????? ???? ????
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