41°00′44″N
28°58′34″E
/
41.01224°N 28.976018°E
/
41.01224; 28.976018
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???? ????? ??????
?? 787.
??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? 843 ???? ???? ??? ???????????
???????
? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???????
???????
????????
.
??????????? ??? ????? ?????? (1025-1081)
[
???
]
?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??
????? ????????
?? ??????? ?? 1071. ?? ????? ??? ??????????
???????
?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
??? ??????
? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????
????? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1073. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??
??????
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????. ????? ??? 1080? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????????.
??????????? ??? ??? ????????? (1081-1185)
[
???
]
?? ??? ??????? ???????? (1081-1185)? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?? 1090-1091? ??? ???
???????
??? ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????
?????
?????? ?????.
[43]
??????? ????? ???????? ??
??????? ?????
? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????
?? ??????????? ??? 1096? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??
?????
??????? ??????.
[44]
???
????? ??????
??? ????????????? (?????? ??????) ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? 50 ?????.
[45]
?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? (????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? 100000 ??? 500000)? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ?? ?????? ??
??????????
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????
????????
??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????
????
. ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ???
?????? ????? ????????
? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? 60.000-80.000 ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 400.000 ????.
[46]
?? ??? 1171? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? 2500 ?????.
[47]
?? ??? 1182? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????? (?????? ???????) ????? ?? ???????
?????? ???????
.
[48]
?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??
?????????
? ??? ???? ??????: ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?? NH Baynes (`` ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????
):
≪ ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? - ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? - ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????.
?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????
???????
????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ???
????? ???????
?????? ?????????
??
???????
?????????? ??????
? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? Monreale? ???? ????? ?????? ???
??????
????
?????
?? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ???????? -
??????
???? ??? ?? ?? ?????????. ???? ????? ??
?? ????????
?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ?????
????
?
?????? ?????????
? ????? ???
???????????
? ????
??????
? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??.??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ".
≫
??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? (1185-1261)
[
???
]
?? 25 ????? 1197? ???? ???????????
???? ????
???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? Droungarios ((
????????
:
Odun Kapısı
)?) ??? ????? ???.
[49]
[50]
??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? 1197 ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?????? ???
????? ???????
?
??????? ?????????
????? ????????
? ?? ?????
?????? ???????? ???????
? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? 1203 ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????. ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????.???? ?????????
????
? ??????
??????? ????????
[51]
???? ????
????? ??????
? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? 27 ?????: ?? ??????? ??????. ???
??????? ??????
?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ?? ????? 1204? ???? ≪
protovestiarius
≫ ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??
????? ????????
? ????? ??
??????
? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? 1204? ??? ????? ??? ????: ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????
??????? ??????
. ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? 6 ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 12 ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???. ??? ?? ???????? ???
?????? ??????
??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????. ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????.
???
????? ????? ????????
? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ≪?? ???? ?? ?? ???????≫.
≪???? ???? ????? [...] ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????????? [...] ??? ?????? ??????? ????? [...] ??????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? [...]. ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????
?????? ????????
??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? [...]? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????. [...] ????? [...] ??? ??????? ??????? [...] ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????.
[52]
≫
???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???
???????????? ?????????
. ?? ?? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? 400.000 ???? ? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ??? ≪????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????≫.
[53]
?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 20 ????? ? 13 ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ?? E.H. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????.
[54]
??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????: ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? "?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???: ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ".
[55]
?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????: ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????: "?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????????" ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??????
???????
? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ".
[56]
???? ?? ?????????? ??????
????? ?????? ????? ????????
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ≪???????≫ ("exonesamenos")? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.
[57]
????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? Blachernae ?
Rouphinianai
??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ??????
????? ????? ???????
???? ????? ???? ?? ???????.
[56]
???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???
?????
? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???
??????
? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?? ????? ???
???????
? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????.
[58]
????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ?? ??? 1261? ???? ??????????? ??
?? ????????? ?????
?? ??? ???? ?????? ????
??????? ??????
? ??? ?? ????
???????? ?????
???????? ?????? ????????
.
????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? (1261?1453)
[
???
]
??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???
??????? ?????? ????????
? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ????
??? ????????
?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
????????
?? ????????.????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? 35000 ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? 70.000 ????.
[59]
??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??
?????????
???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????.
[60]
??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????
????? ??????
? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1347 ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
[61]
[62]
?? ??? 1453? ????? ??????
??????? ??????????
??? ???????
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? 50000 ???.
[63]
?? ??? ??????????? ?? ???
???????????? ?????????
?? 29 ???? 1453.
[64]
??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 21 ?????. ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 6 ????? 1453.
??????????? ????????? (1453-1922)
[
???
]
???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???
???? ??????
?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? (???????? ????? ????
????? ????
?? ????? Adrianople)? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???
??? ?????
? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???.
[65]
????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????.
[66]
??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? "???????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??.
[67]
???? ?? ????? ??
??????
???? ??????
??????
???????? ????? ???????????
???????????
???
????
?????
[67]
[68]
????? ???
???????
?? ???????????
??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ???? 45000 ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????.
[69]
???? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????.
[69]
?? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???????: ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ≪??????≫ ?????? ???????.
[70]
??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????
????? ????
????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
???????
? ???
?? ????
?
????????
? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
[70]
??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1459 ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????.
[70]
?????
[
???
]
???? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????
??? ?????
? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????: ≪??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????≫.
??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????: ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???.
?????? ?? ?????
[
???
]
???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????
??? ??????
?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? (Elpis Kesaratsian). ???? ?????? "Kit'arr" ?? "Guitar" ???????? ??? 1862? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???. ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ≪??????? ????????≫. ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????
?????? ?????
??? ????? ?????? ?? "Arevelian Mamal". ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ??? 1900? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? Tsaghik ?? ???????????.
[71]
???????
[
???
]
??? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????
??????
????? ?? ???
????????
?? ?? ???
?????????
???? ??? ?? ?????????? ≪????? ????? ?? ????? ????????≫. ?? ???
????????
??? ???? ≪???≫ ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
?????????
??? ?? ≪???? ?? 500 ????? ???≫ ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ?????
???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 1325 ??? ?? ????????? ≪???????≫ ??? ≪?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????≫.
[72]
?????
[
???
]
??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????
????? ?????? ????
?? ?????????
[73]
?????????
??????
??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????
??????
? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
???????
??
???????????
?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????
????? ???????
??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????.
?? ????
????????
?????? ??
??????? ?????????
??? ???????????
????????
.
[74]
???
[
???
]
???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????
???????? ????????
? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
???????? ??????
???? ???
??????????? ???????
??
??????????? ???????
?? 1054 ???????. ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????
???????
? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????
????? ?????? ?? ???????
.
?????
[
???
]
?? ??? 1909 ??? ?? ??????????? 626 ??????? ?????????? ?12 ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? 561 ????? ???? ?????? ? 65 ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 34 ????? ? 31 ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????.
[75]
???????
[
???
]
- ^
"Constantinople" in
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
,
????? ????? ???????
, Oxford, 1991, p. 508.
ISBN 0-19-504652-8
- ^
??????? ?????????
???? ??????
2016-10-20 ??
Wayback Machine
- ^
Pounds, Norman John Greville.
An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500?1840
, p. 124. CUP Archive, 1979.
ISBN 0-521-22379-2
.
- ^
?
?
Cameron 2009
? ????? 47.
- ^
Rautman, M.L. p. 77
- ^
Janin (1964),
passim
- ^
"Preserving The Intellectual Heritage--Preface"
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2017-10-20.
- ^
Marina Loukaki: "Universite. Domaine byzantin", in:
Dictionnaire encyclopedique du Moyen Age
, Vol. 2, Editions du Cerf, Paris, 1997,
ISBN 2-204-05866-1
, p. 1553:
≪Le nom "universite" designe au Moyen Age occidental une organisation corporative des eleves et des maitres, avec ses fonctions et privileges, qui cultive un ensemble d'etudes superieures. L'existence d'une telle institution est fort contestee pour Byzance. Seule l'ecole de Constantinople sous Theodose Il peut etre prise pour une institution universitaire. Par la loi de 425, l'empereur a etabli l'"universite de Constantinople", avec 31 professeurs remuneres par l'Etat qui jouissaient du monopole des cours publics.≫
- ^
???? ??? ???????
(
1427??
-
2006?
). ????? ???? (??????).
????? ?????? ???????? ????????????
(?. ???????).
?????
-
?????
: ??? ???????. ?. 164.
ISBN
:
9953-18-084-9
.
- ^
????????? ????
? ???? ?????
??????? ????
(?????? 1992?).
???????? ?? ???????
.
?????
-
?????
:
??? ????? ????????
. ?. ????? ??????. ?. 124.
- ^
Browning 1992
? ????? 198?208.
- ^
Browning 1992
? ???? 218.
- ^
????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? 2010? ? 142
- ^
Mango? Cyril
(1991). "Constantinople". ??
???????? ??????
(??????).
????? ??????? ????????
. ??????? ? ???????: ??? ??? ????? ???????. ?. 508?512.
ISBN
:
0-19-504652-8
.
- ^
Commemorative coins that were issued during the 330s already refer to the city as
Constantinopolis
(see, e.g., Michael Grant,
The climax of Rome
(London 1968), p. 133), or "Constantine's City". According to the
Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum
, vol. 164 (Stuttgart 2005), column 442, there is no evidence for the tradition that Constantine officially dubbed the city "New Rome" (
Nova Roma
). It is possible that the Emperor called the city "Second Rome" ((
??????????
:
Δευτ?ρα ??μη
)?
Deutera Rh?m?
) by official decree, as reported by the 5th-century church historian
????? ??????????
: See
????? ???????
.
- ^
A description can be found in the
Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae
.
- ^
Socrates II.13, cited by J B Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, p. 74.
- ^
J B Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, p. 75.
et seqq
.
- ^
Liber insularum Archipelagi
,
??????? ??????? ????????
, Paris.
- ^
????? ???? (1 ????? 2023).
????? ????? ??????
. Dar Dawen.
ISBN
:
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