????? ??????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? (?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ).

??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ( ?????????? : ?τη Γεν?σεω? Κ?σμου κατ? ?ωμα?ου? ?? ?το? Κτ?σεω? Κ?σμου ?? ?το? Κ?σμου? ???????? ???????: ≪????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????≫? ?????????: ε.Κ) [1] ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 691 ??? ??? 1728 ?? ?????????? ????????? ? [2] ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 988 ??? ??? 1453? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 988 ??? ??? 1700. ???? ≪??????≫ ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ≪??????≫ ???? ??????? ≪ ???????????? ????????? ??????? ≫ ??? ??? ?? ?????.

????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1 ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ≪ ??????? ????????? ≫ ?????? ?????? . ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? 5509 ??? ????????. ????? ????? -??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????- ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? (????? ????? ????????) ?? 1 ?????? 5509 ??? ??????? ??? 31 ????? 5508. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (2023 ??? ???????) ?? 7532.

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (638?39 ??? ???????)? ??? ???? ????? ??? ≪??? ??????≫? [3] [4] ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ≪???????≫ (??? ?????)? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? (?? 28 ???) ???????? (?? 19 ???) ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? . [5]

??? ??? ????? (?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???)

?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? 412 ??? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ≪??? ?????≫ ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. [4] ?? ????? ????? ?????? (??? 988 ??? ???????)? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????.

????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? 1 ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? 5509 ??? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? [6] ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ≪??? ???????≫ ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????:

  • ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ?
  • ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1 ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? 1 ?????? ??? 31 ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????
  • ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? [7] ?? ??????? [8] ?? ??????? ?
  • ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 1 ?????? 5509 ??? 31 ????? 5508 ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? .

???? ≪ ????? ????????? ≫ ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 24 ??????.

?? ??????? ??????? (????? ??? ???????) ???????? ??? ≪??? ?????? ????????≫ ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? 1597? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? 1626? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? 1728. ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? (???????? ??? ????????). ???? ???????????? ????????? ?? 1453? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ≪?????≫ ?? 1492 ??? ??????? (7000 ??? ??????)? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? 1700 ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? . [9] ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? 2000 ??? ??????? ????? ??? 7509 ??? ??????.

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? -??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? 1220?1230.

???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? -??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????- ???? ???????? (115?181 ??? ???????) ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? [10] ??????? ????????? (200?245 ??? ???????) ?? ???? ??????? ?????? . [11] ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 5530 ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? . [12]

???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? (?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? )? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????:

≪??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????... ?????? ??????? ??????? (??? ?? ??? 180) ????????? ????????? (??? ??? 215) ?????????? ?????? (??? ?? 235) ??????? ????????? ??????? (??? ??? 240) ????????? ??????? ????????? (260?340) ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? (???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????)? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????.≫ [13] />

??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (??? ????? ?? 221?204 ??? ???????) ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????.

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????????? ?? 412 ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 25 ???? 5493 ??? ???????. [14]

????? ?????? ????????? ???????? 5904 ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? 412 ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? 29 ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? (????? ????? ??????). [15] ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ≪????? ????????≫? ???? ??? 25 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? 6 ????? ????? ?? 25 ????. ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????: 29 ????? 5493 ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 25 ???? 5493 ??? ???????.

≪??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????: ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? 25 ????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? 5500 ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? (????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????).≫ [5]

????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? 25 ???? ????? ?????:

≪??? 25 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? (??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????). ????? ?????? 25 ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? '??? ???????' ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 9 ???? ?? 25 ??????.≫

????? ??? ???????? (25 ???? 5493 ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????) ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????. [4]

?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

  • 1 ?????????? ??????.
  • 4755 ?????? (753 ??? ???????) -- ????? ???? .
  • 4841 ?????? (667 ??? ???????) -- ????? ????? ?????? .
  • 5478 ?????? (30 ??? ???????) -- ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? .
  • 5504 ?????? (4 ??? ???????) -- ????? ???? .
  • 5539 ?????? (29 ?) -- ???? ????.
  • 5838 ?????? (330 ?) -- ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????.
  • 5888 ?????? (380 ?) -- ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? .
  • 5903 ?????? (395 ?) -- ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????.
  • 6045 ?????? (537 ?) -- ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? 15 ???
  • 6118 ?????? (610 ?) -- ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? .
  • 6496 ?????? (988 ?) -- ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????.
  • 6562 ?????? (1054 ?) -- ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????.
  • 6712 ?????? (1204 ?) -- ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????.
  • 6769 ?????? (1261 ?) -- ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????.
  • 6961 ?????? (1453 ?) -- ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????.
  • 7427 - 7430 ?????? (1919 - 1922 ?) ??????? ???????? Eleftherios Venizelos ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ( 1919 - 1922 ) ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 1920 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? 1557 ?????? ????????? ?? ????? 18 ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????.

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Pavel Kuzenkov. "How Old is The World? The Byzantine Era and its Rivals". Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21?26 August 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23?24. ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  2. ^ (??????????) "Οικουμενικ?ν Πατριαρχε?ον", ΘΗΕ, τ?μ. 09, εκδ. Μαρτ?νο? Αθ., Αθ?να 1966, στ. 778. (???????????) "Ecumenical Patriarchate". Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia . Vol. 9., Athens, 1966. p. 778.
  3. ^ Fr. Diekamp, "Der Monch und Presbyter Georgios, ein unbekannter Schriftsteller des 7. Jahrhunderts" , Byzantinische Zeitschrift 9 (1900) 14?51.
  4. ^ ? ? ? Pavel Kuzenkov (Moscow). " How old is the World? The Byzantine era κατα Ρωμα?ου? and its rivals ???? ?????? July 15, 2011, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .". 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies , London 2006. pp. 2?4. [ ???? ?????? ]
  5. ^ ? ? Prof. Dr. Marcus Louis Rautman ???? ?????? 2009-02-01 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .. "Time." In Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. pp. 7
  6. ^ Paul Stephenson. "Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c.700?1204: John Skylitzes, "Synopsis Historion" : The Year 6508, in the 13th Indiction: the Byzantine dating system " . November 2006. ???? ?????? 8 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  7. ^ Newton? Robert R. (1972)? Medieval Chronicles and the Rotation of the Earth ? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press? ?. 515 .
  8. ^ Butcher? Kevin (2003)? Roman Syria and the Near East ? Los Angeles: Getty Publications? ?.  127 ? ISBN : 9780892367153 ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-08 .
  9. ^ Prof. Charles Ellis (University of Bristol). Russian Calendar (988?1917) . The Literary Encyclopedia . 25 September 2008. ???? ?????? 25 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  10. ^ Theophilus of Antioch. Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus. Book III. Chap XXIV (Chronology from Adam) ? Chap. XXVIII (Leading Chronological Epochs).
  11. ^ Julius Africanus. Extant Writings III. The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.
  12. ^ Fr. Seraphim Rose. GENESIS, CREATION and EARLY MAN: The Orthodox Christian Vision . St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, Platina, California, 2000. p. 236.
  13. ^ Ben Zion Wacholder. "Biblical Chronology in the Hellenistic World Chronicles". in The Harvard Theological Review , Vol.61, No.3 (July 1968), pp. 451?452.
  14. ^ Elias J. Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World . 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. 1980. p. 73.
  15. ^ Rev. Philip Schaff (1819?1893), Ed. "Era." Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge . New Edition, 13 Vols., 1908?14. Vol. 4, pp. 163 . ???? ?????? 29 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
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