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Союз Советских Социалистических Республик ; Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
??? ??????? ???????? ; (1955?1991)	; ???? ??????? ???????? (1956?1991)
	?????? ?????? : ; " Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! " ; Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'! ; ("?? ???? ??????? ??????!")
	?????? : ; " Интернационал " ; Internatsional ; ("???? ???????") ; (1922?1944) ; ; " Государственный гимн СССР " ; Gosudarstvennyy gimn SSSR ; ("?????? ?????? ????????") ; (1944?1991) ;
	??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1945 ??? ??? 1991
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???? ?????	1922?1927: ; ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ; 1927?1953: ; ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ; 1953?1990: ; ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ; 1990?1991: ; ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ;
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????????? ???????	70% ???? ?????? ; 12% ????? ; 18% ???? ;
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???????? ?????	1922?1924
????? ??????	1924?1953
????? ????????	1953
?????? ???????	1953?1964
?????? ???????	1964?1982
???? ????????	1982?1984
??????? ?????????	1984?1985
??????? ?????????	1985?1991
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??????? ???????	1922?1946 (???)
??????? ?????????	1988?1991 (??????)
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???????? ?????	1922?1924 (???)
????? ???????	1991 (??????)
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?????? ?????????	?????? ??????? ; (1922?1936) ; ???? ??????? ?????? ; (1936?1991)
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	??? ????? (14 ???? 1955?1 ????? 1991) ; ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? (25 ????? 1973?????? 1992) ; ???? ??????? ????????? (25 ????? 1949?28 ????? 1991) ; ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ; ????? ??????? (24 ?????? 1945?24 ?????? 1991) ; ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? (1946?1991) ; ??? ????? (?1990)
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???????	30 ?????? 1922
?????? ????????	7 ?????? 1917
???????	30 ?????? 1922
????? ????? ???????	16 ????? 1923
??????? ?????	31 ????? 1924
??????? ??????	5 ?????? 1936
??????? ???????	22 ????? 1941
???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????	9 ???? 1945
?????? ??????????	25 ?????? 1956
??????? ??????	9 ?????? 1977
??? ??????? ?????	11 ???? 1990
???? ???? ???????	14 ???? 1990
???????? ?????????	8 ?????? 1991
????? ????	26 ?????? 1991
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???????	22402200 ??????? ???? (1991)
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1989	▲ 286,730,819 ????
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1990: ; ????????
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	Notes ^ ????? № 142-Н ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???????. ; ^ ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1944 ??? ??? 1956 ???? ???? ?????? . ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? 1956 ??? 1977. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? 1977 ??? 1991. ; ^ ??? ??? 1990? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ; ^ ?? ?????? ?? 19 ?????? 1990? ??? ????. ;
	????? ????? - ?????

????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 1922 ???? 1991. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? . ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? (???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? )? ???? (?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? )? ????? (?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? )? ????? (?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? )? ???? ??? (?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ) ???????????? . ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? Союз Советских Социалистических Республик ( Союз Советских Социалистических Республик ^ⓘ) ?? : (????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????) ????? ??????? ???????? СССР ?? ≪?? ?? ?? ??≫ ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ^[10] (????? ??????? ????????? ) ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? Советский Союз? ???????? ?????. ????? ≪?????≫ ?? ????? ??????? (?????? ?????? ??? ≪?????≫) ???? ≪???????≫ ??? ???? ≪ ????? ≫ ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ≪????????≫ ?? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1905. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????.

??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? 1917 ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? 1918 ???? 1921. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ≪ ????? ≫ (???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??) ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ≪??????? ????????≫. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? .

???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1917 ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ??? 1922? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???????? .

????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? 22,276,060 ??????? ????. ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? (?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? / ??????? ???) ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? 12 ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ( ??????? . ??????? . ?????? . ??????? ??????? )

??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? 60,000 ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ? ????????????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ? ????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 1917 ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????.

???? 1917 ???? 1922 ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? 1922 ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? (????? ???? ???? ????? ????????) ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???.

??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1940 ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1956? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.) ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? . ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? .

???? ??? 1945 ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? 1991 (??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????) ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????.

???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????.

???????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? 1870 ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? 1917 ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? 1924 ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? .

?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1825? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? 1861 ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ≪??? ?????≫ ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ??? 1906 ???? ?? ????? ???? 1905 ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? . ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????.

??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? 1917 ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? (?? ??????? ???????) ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? .

??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ≪?????≫? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1917. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????-??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 1918 ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? .

??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1917 ???? ??? 1923 ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ??? 1921 ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? .

???????? ??????? ?? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 1911 ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????.

??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1921 ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? (??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? 1923.) ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????.

????? ?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 1922 ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ^[11] ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ^[12] ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? 1922? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ^[13] ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ^[14] ????? ???? ??????? .

??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? 1924 ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ≪????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????≫.

????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 1917 ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? . ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1920 ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 30 ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ^[15] ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 1920 ??? ??????? ????? ??? 1931 ^[16] ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? 1928 ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? 1991.

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (?? ??? ????????) ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????.

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 1924.

???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ≪????????≫ ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (?????) ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ≪????????≫.

??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ≪???? ????? ????????? ?????????≫ ?? ??????? (???????). ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 1922 ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? (????????) ?? ?????? (???????).

?? ??? 1928 ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1924. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.

???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? (????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????) ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 60 ????? ??? (??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ) ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? 700 ??? ??? (???? ??????? ????????? ???????).

?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? .

???? ??????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1932 ???? 1934? ??? 1933 ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? 1934 ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? .

????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? 22 ???? 1941 ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ≪????? ??????? ??????≫ ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1942 ??? ????? ??? 1943 ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ???????? 80 ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????

??? ??? ????? (1945) ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? 9 ?? 1945 ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????.

???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? . ??? ??? ????? 27 ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????. ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1945 ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1991 ??? ?????? ??????? ????????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1950 ??? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1953 ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.

????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? .

?????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? 1991 ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.

???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 1946. ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? (1872-1936)? ?????? ???????? (1876-1951)? ??????????? ??????? (1890-1986)? ?????? ???????? (1883-1954)? ?????? ??????? (1909-1989). ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???.

????????? (1919-1943)? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ≪?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.≫ ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????. ^[17]

???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? 1949-1991 ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ^[18]
??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1955 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? . ^[19]^[20]
?????????? (1947-1956)? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??? 1943. ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????- ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1947-1949. ??? ????????? ?? ??? 1948 ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ! ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????. ^[21]^[22]

???????? ??????? (1919- 1939) [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ^[23]

???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? 21 ???? 1919 ??? 1 ????? 1919. ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ^[24]

????? ??? 1921? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????. ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1922 ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ^[25]

?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? 1922. ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1924. ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??? 1933? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ^[26]^[27]

?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1934? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[28]

?? ??? 1939? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????- ????????. ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????.

????? ???????? ??????? (1939- 1945) [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1953. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? . ^[29]

????? ??????? (1945- 1991) [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 1945. ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1945. ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ^[30]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? 1922. ?? ??? 1924? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? 1929? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?? ???? ????? ??? 1936? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ????? 1940? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? 1940 ?????? ????????? ?? ??? 1956. ??? ????? 1956 ??????? 1991? ????? ?????? ?? 15 ??????? ???????.

?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???? ???? ??? ????) ???? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????)? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????.

???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????.

???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????.

??? ????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????.

????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 1991 ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????.

?? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???????).

????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ????? 1917 - 1922
????? ?????? 1922- 1953
????? ???????? 1953 - 1955
?????? ??????? 1955 - 1964
?????? ??????? 1964 - 1982
???? ???????? 1982 - 1984
??????? ????????? 1984- 1985
??????? ????????? 1985- 1991

???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????.

???????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1956 ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???:

?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????.

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? 1991 ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? .

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

^ ???? ?????? ??? 1990.
^ ???? ?????? .
^ ???????????.
^ ???? ?????? ????
^ 34,374,483 km ².

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Hough, Jerry F. “The ‘Dark Forces," the Totalitarian Model, and Soviet History.” The Russian Review, vol. 46, no. 4, 1987, pp. 397?403
^ "Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I 'On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR' " . Garant.ru. ????? ?? ????? ?? 10 ?????? 2017 . ???? ???? ?????? 12 ????? 2010 .
^ "ARTICLE 124" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2 ????? 2019 . ???? ???? ?????? 4 ?????? 2019 .
^ "Article 52" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 16 ?????? 2019 . ???? ???? ?????? 4 ?????? 2019 .
^ Charta Spojenych narod? (?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????), QID : Q171328
^ https://novynarnia.com/2022/12/26/100r-srsr/ . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-04-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ Almanaque Mundial 1996 , Editorial America/Televisa, ??????? , 1995, pages 548?552 ( Demografia/Biometria table).
^ ^? ^? "GDP ? Million ? Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 12 ????? 2018 . ???? ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2018 .
^ "Human Development Report 1990" (PDF) . ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? . ?. 111. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-09-01 .
^ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . ?????? ????????? . "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-06-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ Richard Sakwa The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917-1991: 1917-1991 . Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-12290-2 , 9780415122900. pp. 140?143.
^ Julian Towster. Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917-1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106.
^ (????????) Voted Unanimously for the Union. ???? ?????? 4 ?????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ (????????) Creation of the USSR at Khronos.ru. ???? ?????? 24 ???? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "70 Years of Gidroproekt and Hydroelectric Power in Russia" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-06-17.
^ (????????) On GOELRO Plan ? at Kuzbassenergo. ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and coexistence: the history of Soviet foreign policy, 1917?73 (1974)
^ Duncan Hallas, The Comintern: The History of the Third International (1985).
^ "Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study, Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ???? ?????? 1 May 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Michael C. Kaser, Comecon: Integration problems of the planned economies (Oxford University Press, 1967).
^ Laurien Crump, The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955?1969 (Routledge, 2015).
^ Heinz Timmermann, "The cominform effects on Soviet foreign policy." Studies in Comparative Communism 18.1 (1985): 3?23.
^ Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence (1974) pp 111?79.
^ Mueller? Gordon H. (1976). "Rapallo Reexamined: A New Look at Germany's Secret Military Collaboration with Russia in 1922". Military Affairs . ?. 40 ?. 3: 109?117. DOI : 10.2307/1986524 . JSTOR : 1986524 .
^ Wilson? J. H. (1971). "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union" . Social Science Quarterly . ?. 52 ?. 2: 349?368. JSTOR : 42860014 .
^ Chris Ward, Stalin's Russia (2nd ed. 1999) pp 148?88.
^ Barbara Jelavich, St.Petersburg and Moscow: Czarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814?1974 (1974) pp 342?46.
^ D.C. Watt, How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938?1939 (1989).
^ Gurian? Waldemar (5 ????? 2009). "The Foreign Policy Of Soviet Russia" . The Review of Politics . ????? ????? ???????? . ?. 5 ?. 2: 177?193. DOI : 10.1017/S0034670500048579 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-09-24. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |??????= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |???= ( ?????? )
^ Sakwa, Richard. Soviet Politics in Perspective . 2nd ed. London ? N.Y.: Routledge, 1998.

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[1] Hough, Jerry F. “The ‘Dark Forces," the Totalitarian Model, and Soviet History.” The Russian Review, vol. 46, no. 4, 1987, pp. 397?403

[2] "Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I 'On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR' " . Garant.ru. ????? ?? ????? ?? 10 ?????? 2017 . ???? ???? ?????? 12 ????? 2010 .

[4] "ARTICLE 124" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2 ????? 2019 . ???? ???? ?????? 4 ?????? 2019 .

[5] "Article 52" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 16 ?????? 2019 . ???? ???? ?????? 4 ?????? 2019 .

[wikidata-78dde950d950f4c63a5e51ecd5e8253b794afa90-9] Charta Spojenych narod? (?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????), QID : Q171328

[wikidata-9c19ebb5020bb5963315c29054f83b33dbca6754-10] ttps://novynarnia.com/2022/12/26/100r-srsr/ . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-04-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[11] Almanaque Mundial 1996 , Editorial America/Televisa, ??????? , 1995, pages 548?552 ( Demografia/Biometria table).

[theodora.com-12] ? ^? "GDP ? Million ? Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 12 ????? 2018 . ???? ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2018 .

[HDI-13] "Human Development Report 1990" (PDF) . ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? . ?. 111. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-09-01 .

[14] Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . ?????? ????????? . "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-06-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[15] Richard Sakwa The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917-1991: 1917-1991 . Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-12290-2 , 9780415122900. pp. 140?143.

[16] Julian Towster. Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917-1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106.

[17] (????????) Voted Unanimously for the Union. ???? ?????? 4 ?????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[18] (????????) Creation of the USSR at Khronos.ru. ???? ?????? 24 ???? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[19] "70 Years of Gidroproekt and Hydroelectric Power in Russia" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-06-17.

[Kuzbassenergo-20] (????????) On GOELRO Plan ? at Kuzbassenergo. ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[22] Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and coexistence: the history of Soviet foreign policy, 1917?73 (1974)

[23] Duncan Hallas, The Comintern: The History of the Third International (1985).

[loc-cs-24] "Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study, Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ???? ?????? 1 May 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[25] Michael C. Kaser, Comecon: Integration problems of the planned economies (Oxford University Press, 1967).

[26] Laurien Crump, The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955?1969 (Routledge, 2015).

[27] Heinz Timmermann, "The cominform effects on Soviet foreign policy." Studies in Comparative Communism 18.1 (1985): 3?23.

[28] Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence (1974) pp 111?79.

[29] Mueller? Gordon H. (1976). "Rapallo Reexamined: A New Look at Germany's Secret Military Collaboration with Russia in 1922". Military Affairs . ?. 40 ?. 3: 109?117. DOI : 10.2307/1986524 . JSTOR : 1986524 .

[30] Wilson? J. H. (1971). "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union" . Social Science Quarterly . ?. 52 ?. 2: 349?368. JSTOR : 42860014 .

[31] Chris Ward, Stalin's Russia (2nd ed. 1999) pp 148?88.

[32] Barbara Jelavich, St.Petersburg and Moscow: Czarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814?1974 (1974) pp 342?46.

[33] D.C. Watt, How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938?1939 (1989).

[34] Gurian? Waldemar (5 ????? 2009). "The Foreign Policy Of Soviet Russia" . The Review of Politics . ????? ????? ???????? . ?. 5 ?. 2: 177?193. DOI : 10.1017/S0034670500048579 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-09-24. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |??????= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |???= ( ?????? )

[sakwa-35] Sakwa, Richard. Soviet Politics in Perspective . 2nd ed. London ? N.Y.: Routledge, 1998.

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