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???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ???????? ?? ??? 2020? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? . [3]

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????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? - ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? (??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ) ???? ???. ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ???? [4] ????? ???? ≪???? ????≫. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ≪?????≫. [5] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???. [6]

??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ≪????? ??????≫ ??????? ????????? : ??????? ??????? ?????????? : ?????????? ??????? ????????? : ??????? ??????? ???????? : ???????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ? ??????? . ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? (??????????) ????????? ???????????? ???????? . ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? . ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (??????????) ??? 1859. [6] ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????. [7] [8]

??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????: ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ( ????? ?????? ????????) ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. [9] [10] ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????. [7]

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???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? 1918 ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? . ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 1991 ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? .

??????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? . [11] [12] ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? . ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????  ????? ????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????: ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????. [7]

?????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? 1251 ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? . ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1385? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? 1569. ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? 1410? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????.

????? ?????? ???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? 1251 ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? . ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? . ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1385? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ??? 1387 ??? ????? ???????? ? [13] ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1410? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? 1569 ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? . ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? 1795 ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? .

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

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  2. ^ "Baltic Cooperation | Ministry of Foreign Affairs" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-07.
  3. ^ "Colombia and Lithuania join the OECD" . France 24. 30 ???? 2018. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-10.
  4. ^ "Indo-European Etymology: Query result" . starling.rinet.ru . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-05-28 .
  5. ^ Dini, Pierto Umberto (2000) [1997]. Baltu valodas (?????????). Translated from Italian by Dace Meiere. Riga: J?nis Roze. ISBN : 978-9984-623-96-2 .
  6. ^ ? ? Krauklis, Konstant?ns (1992). Latvie?u etimolo?ijas v?rdn?ca (?????????). R?ga: Avots. Vol. I. pp. 103?104. OCLC : 28891146 .
  7. ^ ? ? ? Bojtar? Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People . Central European University Press. ISBN : 9789639116429 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-06.
  8. ^ Skut?ns? Gints. "Latvija ? j?dziena ?en?ze" . old.historia.lv . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-05-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-05-21 .
  9. ^ l.l.b, charles mayo (1804). a compendious view of universal history (???????????). Archived from the original on 2018-05-13 . Retrieved 2018-05-12 .
  10. ^ Mahan, Alfred Thayer (2006). The Life of Nelson (???????????). Bexley Publications. ISBN : 978-1-4116-7198-0 . Archived from the original on 2018-05-13 . Retrieved 2018-05-12 .
  11. ^ Tarlow, Sarah (30 Sep 2015). The Archaeology of Death in Post-medieval Europe (???????????). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN : 978-3-11-043973-1 . Archived from the original on 2020-04-06.
  12. ^ Kasekamp, Andres (30 Aug 2010). A History of the Baltic States (???????????). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN : 978-0-230-36450-9 . Archived from the original on 2020-04-06.
  13. ^ "The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 13?18th century" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-07-06 .
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