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????? ????? ?????? ??? "?????? ??????"?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? , ?????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? . ??? 1965 ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????. ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????.

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?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ?? ??? 50 ?"?, ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? 125 ?"?.

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??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? 6,721 ?"? (???? 4,000 ????) ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???'? ????? 8,000 ???? ??? ????????. (?? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? 2,000 ???? ??? ????????.) ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ????? 15% ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? 11% ??? ??? ???? , ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? 38% ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??.‏ [2] ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????-???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???-??????, ??? ???????? ??????? ???? , ???? ??? ???? 27 ?????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? 4,500 ????????? ??? ????? 200 ?????????.

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?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? , ???? ??? 16-17% ?????? , ??????????? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????????-??????? ???????? , ????????? , ????????? , ????????? , ??????? ??? ?????? . ?? ????? ??? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??? 50 ?"?, ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? 125 ?"?. ??? ???????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? 40 ???

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????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? , ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? . ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????-?????.

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?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ????????? ????. ??? 25 ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ???? 700 ???, ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? , ??? ? ????? ??? 20 ??? ??? ? ??? ??? 2 ??? ??? ???? ?????.

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??? 1840 ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????.

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????? ??? ???? 230 ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???; ???? ??????????? ??? 687 (???) ???, ??????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????.

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????? ??? ? ?????? ????????: ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? 10 ???????, ???????? ??? 1% ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ???????? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ?????? 11 ?"?. ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????????? ??? 95% ????? ?????? , 3% ???? , 1.6% ????? ??? ? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? . ??? 2003 ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????.

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??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ????????? ????'? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ????????? ??????? ??? 95 ??????? ?????? ???????? (?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????) 2.7 ???? (?? ????? ??? 78 ???????) ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? (?? ????? ??? 21 ???????). ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???. ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? 220 ??? 70º ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? 140 ??? ????? 20º ?????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? 60º ?????????.

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????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ????????, ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? [12]

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??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? 60?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ??????? , ???????, ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????'? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????.

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??? ? ????? ??? ????????? ??? 1969 ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? 8 ??? ??????? 9 ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? 1 ??? ???? 2. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? 9 ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? 8 ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ????'? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? 1970?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? 10 ??????? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? 60 ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? 976' ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????.

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?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 03' ??? ????? ????????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????'? ????? ???? ??? NASA ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????. NASA ??? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? 2006. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? NASA ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ????? ??? 20 ???.

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?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????????.

???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???.

??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????. ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????.

?? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

?????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? 2003, ????? ??? ??? ???

???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?3.0 ??? ?1.4. ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? +1.6 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ??? ???. [13] ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???, ?????? ???? ????; ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????. ????? '? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????. [14] ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? 15 ???? 17 ???, ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ? ? ???????? . ???? ???????, ????? ?? ? ?? ????????????, ????? ?? ????? ???????????. [15]

???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ?? ? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ? ??????????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????. ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? 72 ???, ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????. [16]

????????? ???????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???. ???? 15 ???? 17 ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????; ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???.

??????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? , ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. [17] ??? ?? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, [17] ????, ??? ? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? . [17] ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? "????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????". [18] ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ? ????? ???? (? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???, ??? ??? 1534 ??? ??? ????????? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????. [19]

????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

  1. ↑ ????? ???? , ???? ??? , ?? ???, ???? ?
  2. ↑ ??????:?????
  3. ↑ (2009) Mars: Prospective Energy and Material Resources , illustrated, Springer Science & Business Media, 600. ISBN 978-3-642-03629-3 .  
  4. ↑ a b Williams, David R. (‏1?? ?????????, 2004). Mars Fact Sheet . National Space Science Data Center . NASA. ????????? ??? ‏24??? ????, 2006.
  5. ↑ Barlow, Nadine G. (2008). Mars: an introduction to its interior, surface and atmosphere , Cambridge planetary science. Cambridge University Press, 21. ISBN 0-521-85226-9 .  
  6. ↑ Vitagliano, Aldo (2003). Mars' Orbital eccentricity over time . Solex . Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ‏7?? ?????????, 2007. ????????? ??? ‏20??? ????, 2007.
  7. ↑ Meeus, Jean (???? 2003). When Was Mars Last This Close? . International Planetarium Society. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ‏16?? ???, 2011. ????????? ??? ‏18?? ??????, 2008.
  8. ↑ Ares Attendants: Deimos & Phobos . Greek Mythology . ????????? ??? ‏13?? ????, 2006.
  9. ↑ Hunt, G. E.; Michael, W. H.; Pascu, D.; Veverka, J.; Wilkins, G. A.; Woolfson, M. (1978). "The Martian satellites?100 years on". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 19 : 90?109. Bibcode : 1978QJRAS..19...90H .  
  10. ↑ Greek Names of the Planets . ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ‏9??? ???, 2010. ????????? ??? ‏14??? ????, 2012. “Aris is the Greek name of the planet Mars, the fourth planet from the sun, also known as the Red planet. Aris or Ares was the Greek god of War.” See also the Greek article about the planet .
  11. ↑ Arnett, Bill (November 20, 2004). Phobos . nineplanets . ????????? ??? ‏13??? ???? 2006.
  12. ↑ Adler, M.; Owen, W.; Riedel, J. (June 2012). "Use of MRO Optical Navigation Camera to Prepare for Mars Sample Return" . Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration. June 12?14, 2012. Houston, Texas. (1679). 4337. Bibcode : 2012LPICo1679.4337A .  
  13. ↑ Mallama, A. (2011). "Planetary magnitudes". Sky and Telescope 121 (1): 51?56.  
  14. ↑ Lloyd, John (2006). The QI Book of General Ignorance . Britain: Faber and Faber Limited, 102, 299. ISBN 978-0-571-24139-2 .  
  15. ↑ Peck, Akkana. Mars Observing FAQ . Shallow Sky . ????????? ??? ‏15?? ????, 2006.
  16. ↑ Zeilik, Michael (2002). Astronomy: the Evolving Universe , 9th, Cambridge University Press, 14. ISBN 0-521-80090-0 .  
  17. ↑ a b c (2005) Mars: A Tour of the Human Imagination . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 9?11. ISBN 0-275-98719-1 .  
  18. ↑ (1970) Mekal: The God of Beth-Shan . Leiden, Germany: E. J. Brill, 125.  
  19. ↑ Novakovic, B. (2008). "Senenmut: An Ancient Egyptian Astronomer". Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade 85 : 19?23. Bibcode : 2008POBeo..85...19N . arXiv : 0801.1331 .  

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