??? ???? ( ???????????????? ???????  : ≪ ? ≫ )? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ?????????? [ ????????? ]

??? ???? ( ???????????????? ??????? : ≪ ? ≫ )? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ( ????????? ???????? 38.44 ??? ????????? ) . ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? - ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? 46 ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? -????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???.

??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????. ?????????? ???????? ????? 3476 ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? 11 / 3?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ( ????????? ????????? 35.92 ??? ?????? ) ??????.

??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? 3 ?????????? ???????????.

??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????-????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????. 1969-???? 9-?????? ??????????? ≪ ??????? 11 - ???????? ≫ ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????.

??????????????? ?????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

??????? ?????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

????????? ??????? ???????? 384,403 ????????? ??????.

?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? 0.0549.

????? ????? ????? ???????? 363,300 ????????? ??????.

??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? 405,493 ????????? ??????.

????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? 27.32 ???.

????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? 1.023 ????????? / ??????.

??????? ???????? ?????? °28.58 ~ ° 18.28 ????????? ?????????.

?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? °125.08.

????? ????? ????? ?????????? °318.15.

??????????? ????????? 19 ???.

??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? 384400????????? ??????.

??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? 18.61 ???.

????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? 8.85 ???.

??????? ???? 346.6 ???.

????? ????? 18 - ??? 10/11 ???.

??????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????°4.

??? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????°1.

???????? ?????????? 3,476.2 ????????? ??????.

????? ???????? ?????????? 3,472.0 ????????? ??????.

?????????? ???????? 0.0012.

??????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????.?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ≪ ??? ???? ≫ ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? 173 ???. ??? ???? ????????? ????? ( ??? ???? ) ??? ???? ????????? ( ?????????? ) ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? °90 ′5 .????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? 4 ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????-????? ??? ??????? ?????????????.

??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? 27.32166 ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????.?? ??? ?????? ≪ ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ≫ ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ????????. ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? %59 ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???:

1.???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????.

2. ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????.

??? ??????? ????? ?????? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

???????? 4 ??????? 600 ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????

????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? - ????? ????? ??????? ??? - ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????.

??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? -????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????.??? ???? ????? - ????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ?? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ???? ????? - ????? ????? ??????????.????? - ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????.

?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? [ ????????? ]

??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???.??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ≪ ??????? ???????? ≫ ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????.

??????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. 1898- ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ≪ ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ≫ ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? : ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????.

?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? : ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ≪ ??????? 12 - ????? ≫ ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????.

???????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? : ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????: ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????.

?????? ????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? : ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ≪ ???? ≫ ????? ??????.?? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????.≪ ??????? 12 - ????? ≫ ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? 53 ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????.

??????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? : ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ≪ ????? ??????? ≫??? ???????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? 0.14 ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????????. ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? - ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????????. ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????.

??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? - ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? 0.85:0.15. ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? - ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? - ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????. ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????.

????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???. ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????.2012-???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????.?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???.

??? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????.?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????????.

??????? ???????????? [ ????????? ]

????????? [ ????????? ]

??? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????.

??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? 1/465000 ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? 1/375000 ??? 1/630000 ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? 12.7-.

????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? 0.22 ?????? 100 ?????? ???????? 21 ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? % 9? ?????? % 91 ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? % 7 ?????????. ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? % 17? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????.

??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? 1/400 ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.

?????????? ?????? [ ????????? ]

??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????-????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???. ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ℃ 127 ?? ??????. ????? ??????????? ????????℃183-?? ??????. ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????.

????? ????????? [ ????????? ]

??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? 64.7 -60 ?????????. ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????.

??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ℃ 1000? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? Fe-Ni-S ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

??? ???? ??????? ???????? [ ????????? ]

??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? 180-???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? 370 ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????.

??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ≪  ??? ???? 2-????????  ≫? ?? 1959-???? 9-?????? 14-???? ??? ???? ????? ?????????. ≪ ??? ???? 2-???????? ≫ ?? ???? 10-?????? 7-???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ≪ ??? ???? 9-???????? ≫ ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? 1966-???? 2- ?????? 3-???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ≪ ??? ???? 10 - ???????? ≫ 1966-???? 3- ?????? 31-???? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????.

????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? 1969- ???? 7-?????? 19-???? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.≪ ??????? 11 - ???????? ≫ ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ??????.?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 1972 - ???? 12 - ????? ≪ ??????? 17 - ???????? ≫ ????? ???????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? (??? ???? 16-? 20-? 24-???????? ) ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????.

?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????????.