????????????????????

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???????????????????? ;
	?????? ?.?. 1236?1795 1
	?????????????????????????????????????? (??????) ????????????????????????????????????????? 16 ??????????
	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 15 ???????????????????????????
?????	???????????????? ???????????????????? (?.?. 1251??.?. 1263) ; ???????????????? ???????????????????????????? (?.?. 1569??.?. 1795) ;
?????????	?????? (???????? ??????????????? 13) ; ???????? (???? ?.?. 1279 ? ???? ?.?.1321) ; ????? (?????? ?.?. 1321?1323) ; ???????? (??????? ?.?. 1323) ;
??????????	????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
?????	??????????????????? ; ???????????? ; ???????????????????? ;
?????????	????????????????????????????? (?.?. 1230??.?. 1572) ; ?????????????????????? (?.?. 1572??.?. 1795) ;
??????????
? ?.?. 1236?1263 (??????? ?.?. 1251 ?????? ???????? )	?????????? (??????????)
? ?.?. 1764?1795	????????? ????????? ?????????? (??????????????)
??????????????	?????
? ???????????	?????????
?????????????
? ???????????	??????????????? 1180
? ????????????????????	?.?. 1251?1263
? ??????????	14 ??????? ?.?. 1385
? ???????????	1 ??????? ?.?. 1569
? ?????????????????????????	24 ?????? ?.?. 1795
???????
?.?. 1260	200,000 ????????????? (77,000 ?????????)
?.?. 1430	930,000 ????????????? (360,000 ?????????)
?.?. 1572	320,000 ????????????? (120,000 ?????????)
?.?. 1791	250,000 ????????????? (97,000 ?????????)
?.?. 1793	132,000 ????????????? (51,000 ?????????)
???????
? ?.?. 1260	400,000 ??
? ?.?. 1430	2,500,000 ??
? ?.?. 1572	1,700,000 ??
? ?.?. 1791	2,500,000 ??
? ?.?. 1793	1,800,000 ??
????????	?????
	????????????????????
???????????????????
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	1. ?? ?????????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 1791 ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? 20 ?????? ?.?. 1791

???????????????????? ( ????????? : Lietuvos Did?ioji Kunigaik?tyst? ?????? : Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 13 ^[4] ??? ?.?. 1795 ^[5] ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????? ??? ?????????????????

?????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? "?????????????" ( ????????? : Auk?taitija ) ???????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 15 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????? ^[6]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ "History of the national coat of arms" . ????? . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .
↑ Herby Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Wielkiego Ksi?stwa Litewskiego. Orły, Pogonie, wojewodztwa, ksi???ta, kardynałowie, prymasi, hetmani, kanclerze, marszałkowie (???????????). ???????????????????? . 1875?1900. pp. 6, 30, 32, 58, 84, 130, 160, 264, 282, 300 . ??????????? 21 August 2021 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: date format ( ????? )
↑ Tumelis, Juozas. "Abiej? Taut? tarpusavio ??adas" . Vle.lt (?????????????) . ??????????? 9 April 2021 .
↑ Baranauskas, Tomas (2000). "Lietuvos valstyb?s i?takos" [The Lithuanian State] (?????????????). Vilnius: viduramziu.istorija.net. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2016-09-29 . ??????????? 20 July 2016 .
↑ Su?ied?lis, Saulius. Historical dictionary of Lithuania (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8108-4914-3 .
↑ R. Bideleux. A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change . Routledge, 1998. p. 122

?????????? [ ??? ]

Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Encyclopedia in Three Volumes, Volume I , 2nd edition, 2007. ? 688 pages, illustrated, ISBN 985-11-0314-4
Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Encyclopedia in Three Volumes, Volume II , 2nd edition, 2007. ? 792 pages, illustrated, ISBN 985-11-0378-0
Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Encyclopedia in Three Volumes, Volume III , 1st edition, 2010. ? 696 pages, illustrated, ISBN 978-985-11-0487-7
Norman Davies. God's Playground . Columbia University Press ; 2nd edition (2002), ISBN 0-231-12817-7 .
Robert Frost. The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385?1569 . Oxford University Press , 2015, ISBN 978-0198208693
Alan V. Murray. Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150?1500 (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series). Routledge , 2001. ISBN 9780754603252 .
Alan V. Murray. The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier Routledge , 2016. ISBN 978-0754664833 .
Zenonas Norkus. An Unproclaimed Empire: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania: From the Viewpoint of Comparative Historical Sociology of Empires , Routledge , 2017, 426 p. ISBN 978-1138281547
S. C. Rowell. Chartularium Lithuaniae res gestas magni ducis Gedeminne illustrans. Gedimino lai?kai . Vilnius, 2003, ISBN 5-415-01700-3 . e-copy
S. C. Rowell. Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1295?1345 (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series). Cambridge University Press , 2014. ISBN 978-1107658769 .
S. C. Rowell, D. Baronas. The conversion of Lithuania. From pagan barbarians to late medieval Christians . Vilnius, 2015, ISBN 9786094251528 .
Daniel Z. Stone. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386?1795 . University of Washington Press . 2014. Pp. xii, 374. ISBN 9780295803623
A. Dubonis , D. Antanavi?ius, R. Ragauskiene, R. ?migelskyt?-?tukien?. The Lithuanian Metrica : History and Research . Academic Studies Press . Brighton, United States, 2020. ISBN 9781644693100
J?rat? Kiaupien?. Between Rome and Byzantium: The Golden Age of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's Political Culture. Second half of the fifteenth century to first half of the seventeenth century . Academic Studies Press . Brighton, United States, 2020. ISBN 9781644691465

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[1] "History of the national coat of arms" . ????? . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .

[2] Herby Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Wielkiego Ksi?stwa Litewskiego. Orły, Pogonie, wojewodztwa, ksi???ta, kardynałowie, prymasi, hetmani, kanclerze, marszałkowie (???????????). ???????????????????? . 1875?1900. pp. 6, 30, 32, 58, 84, 130, 160, 264, 282, 300 . ??????????? 21 August 2021 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: date format ( ????? )

[3] Tumelis, Juozas. "Abiej? Taut? tarpusavio ??adas" . Vle.lt (?????????????) . ??????????? 9 April 2021 .

[Baranauskas-4] Baranauskas, Tomas (2000). "Lietuvos valstyb?s i?takos" [The Lithuanian State] (?????????????). Vilnius: viduramziu.istorija.net. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2016-09-29 . ??????????? 20 July 2016 .

[5] Su?ied?lis, Saulius. Historical dictionary of Lithuania (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8108-4914-3 .

[6] R. Bideleux. A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change . Routledge, 1998. p. 122

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