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34°31′N 69°08′E  /  34.517°N 69.133°E  / 34.517; 69.133
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?????????? ?????? [1] [2] [3]
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 -  ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????
 -  ???? ??????????? ????? ?????
???????????? ???????? ????????? ????? 
 -  ?????????????? ?????? 8 , 1919  
 -  ?????????????? ?????? 19 , 1919 
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 -  ?????? 652,090 ??.??²  ( 41??? )
251,772  ?.??  
 -  ?????  ( % ) n/a
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 -  2007 ????? 31,889,923 ( 37??? )
 -  1979 ?? ??? 13,051,358 
 -  ?? ??????? 46 /??.??² ( 150??? )
119 /?.??
??????  ( PPP ) 2006 ?????
 -  ?????? $32.4 ??????? ( 92??? )
 -  ????? $1,490 ( 158??? )
??.?? (????.??.?)  (1993) 0.229 ( n/a ) ( unranked )
??????? ?????? ( AFN )
??????? ( UTC +4:30)
 -  ????? (DST)  ( UTC +4:30)
????????? ?????? ???? .af
??????? ???? +93

???????????? ???? ???????????? (Af??nist?n) ?????? ???? ????????? , ?????????? ???? ????. ? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???????? . ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????, [4] ??????????? ????????, [5] ???? ?????? ????? ???????? [6] ??????????? ??????????. ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????, ????, ??????? ??????????????. ????????, ??????? ?????????? , [7] ????????? ????? , ????? ????? ??????????????? , ????????????? , ??????????? , ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???????.

?????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ????? , ???? ????? , ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????. ????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????. ??????????? , ???????? , ???????? , ???????? , ???????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????. 18? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. [8] ???? 19? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? 19 , 1919 ? ????? ???????? ????? ??????.

1970 ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????, ???????? ???????????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. 2001 ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????.

?????? ????????????

???????????? ???? [ ?????? ]

???????????? ???? '??????? ???????' - ?????? ?????????? ???? '????????' ??? (????? ????????? ??????? ?????) ??????????????. [9] [10] ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? '??????' ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??.?. 6? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????????????. [11]

16? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????????. [12] 19? ??????? ???? '????????' ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????. [13] ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????. [14] 1857 ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? '????????????' ??? ?????? ??????????????. [15] 1919 ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? '????????????' ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????. [16] ??? ??????? 1923 ??????????? ?????????????. [17]

???????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ???? ??????

???????????? ?? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (?????? ????? ????? 7,485 ??????? ???? 24,557 ??????? ?????). ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????. [18]

???????????? ???????? ??????????? (??????? ????????). ????? ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????????. 1998 ?? 30? ?????? ???????? ?????? 125 ???????? ???????????. ?????? 4000 ???? ?????????.

????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ????? ????? ?????????? 70% ?????? ????????. 80% ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ????? ???????????????. [19]

?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????????????? [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

?????? [ ?????? ]

????? 50,000 ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????????. ???? 1747 ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????. [8] [25]

???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? (559?330 BCE) ????????

???? ?????????, ????? ????????, ????????????, ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????. ??????? ( ????-?????????? ???? ?????? , ?????????? , ??????? ?????? ), ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????????? , ???????? , ???????????? , ???????? , ?????????? , ???????? - ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? , ????????? , ? ?????? ?????????? - ??? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????.

????.??. 2000-1200 ???? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????????. ????.??. 1700-1100 ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? , ?????? , ??? (??????) ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. [26] [27] ????.??. 1800-800 ???? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????. [28] ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????. [26]

????.??. 6? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ????.??. 330?? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????. ???????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. en:Anno Domini ?????????? ??.?.1? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ????????, ???????? ???? ???????????. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??.?. 3 ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????. [29] ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????. [30] ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ??.?. 5? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????. [31] ??.?. 557 ?? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? 1? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????. ???? ???????, ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????????? '?????? ??'?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????.

????????? ????? [ ?????? ]

???? ?????? , 19? ??????? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????? [32] [33] [34] ? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????? (875?999), ?????????? (977?1187), ???????????? (1037?1194), ???????? (1149?1212), ?????????? (1370?1506)???????. ????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????????? [35] [36]

1219 ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????, ?????????? (?????? ?????)?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. 1504 ?? ????? (??????? ????, ?????? ?????, ????????? ???????? ?????????) ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????. 1700 ?????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????????? , ???????? ????????? , ??????? (????) ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????.

?????? ??? ???? [ ?????? ]

1709 ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? (???????)??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ???? 1715 ???? ????????? (?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????). 1715 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ??? 1722 ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????. ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (3 ??????? ???? ??????????, ????????, ??? ????????) ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????????????. [37] [38]

???????? ?????????? [ ?????? ]

1738 ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? (?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? 4??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????) ???????? ??????????, ? ?????? ????, ??????, ????????? ???????????. [39] 1747 ???? 19? ???????? (????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??????) ??????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. [20] [40] [41] ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? '????????' (??????? ????? '???' ???? ??????)?? ??????????????. [39] 1751 ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????????????, ????? ???? ????????, ?????????????, ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????. [15] 1772 ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????. 1793 ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

19? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (1839?42, 1878?80, 1919??? ????????) ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. 1919 ?? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ( ?????? ??? ?????? ??????). ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ??? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. 1933, 1973 ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????.

1973 ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????????. ?????? 1978?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????????. ? ???????????? '?????' ???? '??? ???? ???????' ??????.

??????? ??????, ??????????? [ ?????? ]

???????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (???? ??????) ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?.???.? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????-???? 1978 ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? 24 , 1979? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? (??????? ???????? ????? ?????) ????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ??????? 10 ?????????? ????? (?????)???????? 6 ?????? - 20 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????. 50 ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ???????, ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????. 1989 ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. 1992 ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? [42] ?????? ???????????.

???????? ???????????? ???????, ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????????, ???????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???????? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????. 1994 ???? ??????? ???????? 10,000 ???? ???? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? 1996 ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????. 2000?????? ?????? 95% ???? ???? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? '????????' ????????? ????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????. ? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????????????. ?????????, ???????? ?????????, ????? ???????????. ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ????????????? ?????? ????????????????. ????? 2001 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ????????????????. [43]

2001-?????? ???????????? [ ?????? ]

2001 ?????????? 11 ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ???-???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????. ????? ????-????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????.

2002 ?? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????. 2003?? ????????? ?????????????. 2004 ????????? ????? ????????? '????????? ????????? ??? ????????????' ???????????? ????????????. 2005 ?? (1973 ?????? ?????? ????? ????????) ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????.

???? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????? , ????? ???????? ????, ???????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????????, ???????, ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?????????????, ????????? ?????? , ?????? ???? ???-???? ???????, (???????????? ??????????? ????) ????????? - ??? ?????? ????????? ???????.

????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? - ?????? ?????? ?????? , ???????????? ????????

?????????, ????????? [ ?????? ]

???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ????????????, ???????????? ????????????? ???????. ???????, ?????????, ?????????, ????? ????????? - ??? ????? ???????? ??????. 2003 ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????.

?????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? 2006 ?????? 1? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? 2004 ?????????? ????????????. 2005 ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ??????????? ?????????????? 28% ???????? (????????? ??????? ????? 25% ??????? ??????????????) ???????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????. [44]

????????? ?????????????? 60,000 ???? ?????? ????????? ???????. ? ??????? 80,000 ???? ????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????????????. [45]

????? ???????? [ ?????? ]

???????? ???????? ???????????? 34 ??????? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. '??????? ????????? ??????' ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????. ? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? ?????? '?????'?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????.

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?????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? 2 ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????. 1998-2001 ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. [46] [47] 2005 ?????? ???????????? 40% ???? ???????. [48] 2002 ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? 2002 ?? 29%, 2003 ?? 16%, 2004 ?? 8%, 2005 ?? 14% ?????? ????????. [49] ????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????????????? (??????, ????????, ????????, ????? ??????) [20] [50] ?????? ?????? 33 ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????. [51]

???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. 2001 ???????? '???? ???????' ?????? 2002?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? [52] ????????? ?????, ???????, ????????, ????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? (1) ??????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? (2) ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????? [53]

?????? ???? ????????????? ???????? - 9 ??????? ?????? ???????

??????????? ??? ??????? 40 ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? 2-3 ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????. [54]

?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????????. ?????? ????????, ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? (??? ??????, ??????????? ??????) ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????. [23] ??????? , ???? , ????? , ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????. [21] [24]

????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? (SAARC)???? , ?????? ????? ????? (ECO)???? , ??? ???????? ?????????? , ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ????.

???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? [ ?????? ]

???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? 33 ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????. [55]

?? ??????? [ ?????? ]

???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????. ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????????. [56] ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? [ ?????? ]

?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??.?.?. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????.

???????? ??? ( '????' ?????? ) 50%, ????? ??? 35% ???? ????????????. ??? ????? ????-????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????. ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. '????' ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? (???????? ??????? , ?????????? ?????) 9%, ???? ?????? 30 ??? ????? 4% (?????? ?????????? ????? , ?????????? , ????? , ?????? , ?????? , ??????? , ????? / ????? ). ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????.

????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????????????? ????? ??????
   42% ???????
   27% ?????
   9% ????
   9% ???????
       4% ?????
   3% ?????????
   2% ?????
       4% other ( ????? , ??????? , ?????????? , ?????? , ????????????? , ?????.)

1960-1980 ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? [57] ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????: [57]

  • 36.4% ???????
  • 33.6% ?????, ????????? , ??????????
  • 8.0% ????
  • 8.0% ???????
  • 3.2% ?????
  • 1.6% ?????
  • 9.2% ??????

????? [ ?????? ]

????? ?????????? '???? ?????' .

?????? ??????????, 99% ?????????? : ?????? ?????? 74?89% ???????? , 9?25% ?????? [20] [58] (???????? ??????????? ???????). 1980 ???? ???????? ?????? 30,000 ????? 150,000 ????????? , ???????? ???????? ??????? - ????????? , ?????? , ???????? ???? ??????? ????????. [59] [60]

?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????. ( ??????? ?????? ) ???? ???? 1979 ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ????????? ???? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????. [61]

????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

??????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ????? ?????? ???????? , ??????, ????? ????? , ????????? , ????, ??????? .

?????????? [ ?????? ]

1979 ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? 1992 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? 60 ?????? (6,000,000) ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????. 1996 ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????. [62] 2002 ?????? 40 ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. [63]

2007 ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? 24 ????????? ?????????? 2009 ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. [64] ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????????. [65]

???????? [ ?????? ]

2002 ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????.

????????? ???? ???, ????, ?????? - ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????. ????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????. [66] ??????? ???? ????? ????? (?????) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????. ???? ?????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????????.

??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????????. ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? - ????????, ??????, ????, ????. ??????? ??????? '??? ????????' ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? '????? ?????'?? ??????????????.

??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????. ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????. ????? (???????? ???????? ?????) ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????.

???????????? ???????????, ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????????. ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ????????????????? ? ??????? ?????????????. ???????????? ???? ???????, ??????? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? '?????????' ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????. [66]

????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

??????????????, ????????? [ ?????? ]

? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????, ?????????,??????, ?????????, ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????????. 2006 ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. [67]

????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? "??????? ?????? ???????????" ??????? ??????, ??????????? ????????????? , ?????? , ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????????. ????? ???? ??????, ???????? ??.?.?. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????.

????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ??????: ???????????? ?? ?????

2003 ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? 7,000 ????????? ?????? 30% ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????. ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. 2006 ?????? 40 ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ?????. 1999 ?????? ?????????? 36% (???????? 51%, ????????? 21%). ?????? 9,500 ?????????????????.

????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ???? ????????????????????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????. ??? 600 ????? ???????????? 250 ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????. [68]

???? ???? [ ?????? ]

?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????, ?????????, ??????,????????,??????,??????????, ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ??.50 ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??.11 ????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??.15 ??? ????????? ???? ?????????.

???????? [ ?????? ]

  • ?????????????????? ???????? ????? 2.81 ??????. ??? 2.7 ????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????.
  • ? ??? ????? ????????????? ??.65??? ??????.
  • ????? ????? ??.20????.
  • ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????????.
  • 80???? ???? ????????, 50???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????.
  • ?????? ?????????? 34????. ????? ?????????? 10?????.
  • ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 247???? ???????? ????????? ???????????.

??? ???? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????

?????????

?????????? ????????? [ ?????? ]

????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ??????.

?????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Article Four of the Constitution of Afghanistan , LINK Archived 2009-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ CIA Factbook on Afghanistan, People Archived 2016-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Webster's Dicitionary, Afghan Archived 2007-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ [1] Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine , [2]
  5. ↑ UT - MENIC Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine , Afghanistan Profile Archived 2008-03-12 at the Wayback Machine , National Geographic (accessed 20 January 2006 ), Afghanistan Archived 2016-07-09 at the Wayback Machine , CIA Factbook (accessed 20 January 2006), Afghanistan Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine , Middle East Institute (accessed 20 January 2006).
  6. ↑ University of California Archived 2008-06-21 at the Wayback Machine , [3] Archived 2010-02-27 at the Wayback Machine , University of Pennsylvania Archived 2008-03-04 at the Wayback Machine , World Bank Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine ; US maps Archived 2013-12-25 at the Wayback Machine ; [4] Archived 2006-02-21 at the Wayback Machine  ; University of Washington Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine Syracuse University
  7. ↑ Footnote: The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India including the portion bordering Afghanistan . A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and Pakistan i held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ahmad Shah Durrani , Britannica Concise.
  9. ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica, Afghanistan History, Online Edition LINK
  10. ↑ W. K. Frazier Tyler, M. C. Gillet and several other scholars, "The word Afghan first appears in history in the Hudud-al-Alam in 982 AD."
  11. ↑ "Afghan" Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine (with ref. to "Afghanistan: iv. Ethnography") by Ch. M. Kieffer, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition 2006.
  12. ↑ "Transactions of the year 908" Archived 2012-11-14 at the Wayback Machine by Z?hir ud-D?n Mohammad B?bur in B?burn?ma, translated by John Leyden, Oxford University Press: 1921.
  13. ↑ Elphinstone, M. , "Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia and India" , London 1815; published by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
  14. ↑ E. Huntington, "The Anglo-Russian Agreement as to Tibet, Afghanistan, and Persia" , Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 39, No. 11 (1907)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 MECW Volume 18, p. 40; The New American Cyclopaedia - Vol. I, 1858
  16. ↑ M. Ali, "Afghanistan: The War of Independence, 1919" , Kabul [s.n.], 1960
  17. ↑ Afghanistan's Constitution of 1923 Archived 2015-02-26 at the Wayback Machine under King Amanullah Khan (English translation).
  18. ↑ "History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976 - 2005" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-07 . Retrieved 2007-07-20 .
  19. ↑ Sustainable Land Management 2007 - by Afghanistan's Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MoAF) Environmental crisis looms as conflict goes on
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Afghanistan Archived 2016-07-09 at the Wayback Machine , CIA World Factbook.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Gold and copper discovered in Afghanistan
  22. ↑ http://www.wise-uranium.org/uissr05.html#NEWDISC
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Afghanistan’s Energy Future and its Potential Implications , Eurasianet.org.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Govt plans to lease out Ainak copper mine , Pajhwok Afghan News.
  25. ↑ Sites in Perspective Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , chapter 3 of Nancy Hatch Dupree, An Historical Guide To Afghanistan .
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 The Vedic People: Their History and Geography, Rajesh Kochar, 2000, Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-1384-9
  27. ↑ ????????-??????? ???: http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/306/contrasarav.htm
  28. ↑ The history of Afghanistan , Ghandara.com website Archived 2013-07-27 at Archive.today
  29. ↑ Dani, A. H. and B. A. Litvinsky. "The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 . Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 103?118. ISBN 92-3-103211-9
  30. ↑ Zeimal, E. V. "The Kidarite Kingdom in Central Asia." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 . Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 119?133. ISBN 92-3-103211-9
  31. ↑ Litvinsky, B. A. "The Hephthalite Empire." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 . Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 135?162. ISBN 92-3-103211-9
  32. ↑ Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, Dehkhoda Dictionary , p. 8457
  33. ↑ Ghubar, Mir Ghulam Mohammad, Khorasan , 1937 Kabul Printing House, Kabul)
  34. ↑ "Tajikistan Development Gateway" from History of Afghanistan by the Development Gateway Foundation Archived 2007-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ "Ghaznavid Dynasty" , Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Edition.
  36. ↑ "Timurid Dynasty" , Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Edition.
  37. ↑ "A?raf Gh ilzai" Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine by Prof. D. Balland, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition 2006.
  38. ↑ "The Hotakis" in "Afghanistan", Encyclopaedia Britannica .
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "The Durranti dynasty" in "Afghanistan", Encyclopaedia Britannica .
  40. ↑ "Ahmad Shah Durrani" , Encyclopaedia Britannica .
  41. ↑ The South Archived 2007-07-26 at the Wayback Machine , chapter 16 of Nancy Hatch Dupree, An Historical Guide To Afghanistan .
  42. ↑ "Afghanistan: History" , Columbia Encyclopedia .
  43. ↑ "Afghanistan, Opium and the Taliban" . Archived from the original on 2001-11-08 . Retrieved 2007-11-13 .
  44. ↑ [5] Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine - New Supreme Court Could Mark Genuine Departure - August 13 , 2006
  45. ↑ Text used in this cited section originally came from: Afghanistan (Feb 2005) profile from the Library of Congress Country Studies project.
  46. ↑ Morales, Victor (2005-03-28). "Poor Afghanistan" . Voice of America. Archived from the original on 2006-08-27 . Retrieved 2006-09-10 .
  47. ↑ North, Andrew (2004-03-30). "Why Afghanistan wants $27.6bn" . BBC News . Retrieved 2006-09-10 .
  48. ↑ "??????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2016-07-09 . Retrieved 2007-07-25 .
  49. ↑ Macroeconomics & Economic Growth in South Asia Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine , The World Bank.
  50. ↑ Afghan opium production at record high
  51. ↑ UN horrified by surge in opium trade in Helmand
  52. ↑ Government to have greater control over aid pledged in London , irinnews.org.
  53. ↑ Fujimura, Manabu (2004) "Afghan Economy After the Election", Asian Development Bank Institute
  54. ↑ "Coca-Cola opens plant in Afghanistan" [ permanent dead link ] , Contra Costa Times .
  55. ↑ Director of policy research for the Senlis Council , Jorrit Kamminga, says: the poppy eradication campaign has been ineffective, counterproductive and could well give the Taliban the decisive advantage in their struggle for the hearts and minds of the Afghan people.
  56. ↑ BBC News - Afghan poll's ethnic battleground - October 6, 2004
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 L. Dupree, "Af gh ?nist?n: (iv.) ethnocgraphy" , in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006, ( LINK Archived 2006-10-19 at the Wayback Machine )
  58. ↑ Goring, R. (ed): "Larousse Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions" (Larousse: 1994), pg. 581?58, Table: "Population Distribution of Major Beliefs" , ISBN 0-7523-0000-8 , Note: "... Figures have been compiled from the most accurate recent available information and are in most cases correct to the nearest 1% ..."
  59. ↑ "Hinduism Today: Hindus Abandon Afghanistan" . Archived from the original on 2007-01-11 . Retrieved 2007-11-13 .
  60. ↑ BBC South Asia: Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan
  61. ↑ Washingtonpost.com - Afghan Jew Becomes Country's One and Only - N.C. Aizenman
  62. ↑ "Refugees from Afghanistan: The world's largest single refugee group - Amnesty International" . Archived from the original on 2003-07-11 . Retrieved 2003-07-11 .
  63. ↑ "Aid Agencies Providing Humanitarian Assistance for Afghan Refugees" . Archived from the original on 2007-12-12 . Retrieved 2007-11-13 .
  64. ↑ "Iranian Deportations Raise Fears of Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan" . Archived from the original on 2008-03-05 . Retrieved 2007-11-13 .
  65. ↑ To root out Taliban, Pakistan to expel 2.4 million Afghans
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Heathcote, Tony (1980, 2003) "The Afghan Wars 1839?1919", Sellmount Staplehurst
  67. ↑ Ministry signs contract with Chinese company Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine , Pajhwok Afghan News.
  68. ↑ Pakistan grants $10m for Balkh University Archived 2008-02-22 at the Wayback Machine , Pajhwok Afghan News.

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Geographic locale
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