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??? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????, ???.  1660
6??? ???????? ???????
???????????? 31 ???? 1658 – 3 ???????? 1707
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???.  1618
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?????? 3 ???????? 1707 (???? 88)
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    ( ??. 1688)
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??????????? ???????? ஔரங்கசீப் முதலாம் ஆலம்கீர்'s signature

??????????? ???????? ( Muhi al-Din Muhammad ) ( ???.  1618 ? 3 ???????? 1707) ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????????? (?????? ??????????: ??????????, ??????.  ?????????? ?????? ) ???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ( ??????.  ????? ????????? ) ???? ????????? ???????????????. ???? 1658 ????? 1707??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????. ????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????. [2] [3] [4] [5]

?????????????, ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????????????. ???? ????? ????????????? (?????. 1628?1658) ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???????????? 1636-1637??? ??????? ???????????????, 1645-1647??? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????. 1648-1652??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????. ????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????????? 1657??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ?????????? 1658??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????. ???????? 1658??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?? 1658??? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? 1658??? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????, ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????.

????????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????. ????????????? ?? ????????????, ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????????????? ???????? ('?????????') ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. [6]

?????? ????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???.  1618 ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????. [7] [8] [9] ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (????? . 1628?1658 ) ?????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????. [10] ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? (????? . 1370?1405 ) ???????????? ??????? ?????. [11] [12] ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????. [13] ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? (????? . 1605?1627 ) ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????.

???? 1626??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. [14] [15] 1627??? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. [16]

????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????????????. [17]

28 ?? 1633 ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???????????????? ????? ????????????. ????? ????? ??????????. ????????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????? (?????????) ???? ???????? ???? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????.

?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? 15 ?????????????. ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????, ?2,00,000 ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????????. [18]

???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???? [ ???? ]

???????? 1635 ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????

????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????. ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????. ???????????????? ???, ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????????. ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????. 1635??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????????. ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????. [27]

???????????? ??? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. [28]

1636??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????. [29] ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????, ???? ???????????? ??????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. 1636??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. [30] 1637??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????-???-?????? ????? ???????????????. [11] [12] ???? ????????????? ????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????, ????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????. [31] [32] [33] ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????????. [34] [35] ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????. [36]

???.  1637 ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? (?????????? ?????) ?? ???? , ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????.

??? ????? 1637??? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????. [37] 1638??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???-???? ????? ?????????????. [12] [11] ??? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ???????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????. [38] [39] [40] ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. [41] [11]

1644??? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????. ???????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????. ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????. [42]

??????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

1645??? ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????????. ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. [43] [44]

????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

1647??? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????????????? ?????????. ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. [45] ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????. ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????????????. ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????????. [46]

????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????. 1649 ??????? 1652??? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????????. 1653??? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????. [47]

???????????? ??? ??????????? 2??? ???? [ ???? ]

??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? (????????????) ????? ???? ????????????. ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????. ???????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????. [48] ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????. ??????? ??????????????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. [29] [49]

?????????? ( ?????? ????????? ) ??????? ????????? ( ????? ????????? ) ???? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????. ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????. [48] ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????????. 27 ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????????. ??????????, ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????. [50] ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????, ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????. [48]

???????? ???? [ ???? ]

1658??? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? .

????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????. [51] ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????. [48] ?????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????. [52] "????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????? ???????" ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????. [48] ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????, ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????. [53] ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????????????????? ?????????. ??? ?????????, ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????, ??????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???. ???????? ??????? "???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????" ??????????????????. [54] ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? [55] "[?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????] ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????" ????? ????????????????. [52] "??? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????" ????? ????? ??????? ????????????????. ???????????, ??? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????. ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????????????????????. ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????????. [56]

1656??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? 12,000 ?????????????????????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????????. ?????, ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? 8,000 ??????????? ???????? ??????? 20,000 ???????? ???????????????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????. [57] [58]

???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? 1657??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????????? (???? ??????) ????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????. ???? ??????? ????????????. ???????????? ?? ???? 1637??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. [59] ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????. [48]

??????????? ?????????.

????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. ?????????? 1658??? ???????? ???? ???????????????????. ??? ?????????, ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????????. [56] ??? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????. [60] ???????? 1658??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????, ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ???????????, ????????????? ??????-?????????????????????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????????. [56] "???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????. ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????". [61]

?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ???????, ?????????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????. [60] ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????. 4 ???????? 1661 ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????. ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????, ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????. [62] ????????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?????, ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????. ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????, ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????. [63]

???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. 1658??? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????.

10 ?????? 1659 ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????. [61] ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????. [64] ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????. [65] ???? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????????. [66] ???????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????. 1666??? ????? ????????. [60]

????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??? 18??? ???????????? ????????????????? ???? ???????? ??????

??????????? [ ???? ]

????????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? 25%?????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ????? ????????????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????????. ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????. [67] [68]

???????? [ ???? ]

????????????? ?????.
????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.

????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????????????????. [69]

1663??? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????????, ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????. [70]

??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ????: ??????? ?????? ??????, ???????, ??????????.

1664??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????? (??????) ???????????. ??????? ???? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????. 1666??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. [71]

1685??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? 50,000 ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????????????? ??????????. [72] ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? 4 ??????????? 1686 ????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????.

???????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ??????, ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????. 1687??? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????????????. ????????? 400 ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. ????????? ?????? ??? ????? 13 ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????????????. ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????????, ?????????????, ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????.

??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? 17??? ???????????? ???? ????????????????. [73] ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? . ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????. [74] ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. [75] ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????????????? ???????. [76]

????????????? ????????? ???? 1703??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????????? 30 ????? 50 ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????? 10,500 ??????????? ????????????. [77]

???????, ????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????. [78] ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. [79]

??????? ??? [ ???? ]

???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????. [80] ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????. [81]

???????, ????????, ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????. ????????????????, ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ?? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ???????????. [82]

???????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????????. ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? "??????????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ????? ????????, ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????" ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????????????. ??????, ???? "???????????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ?????????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????????? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????" ????? ????????????????. "?????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????" ??????? ???? ??????????????????. [83]

????? (???????????? ?????? ???????? "???? ???? ????????????? ????" ????? ??????), ?????? (???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????????), ????? (?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????) ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????. ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ??????????, ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????. [84]

  • முகலாயப் பேரரசில் உற்பத்தி செய்யப்பட்ட சால்வைகளானவை உலகம் முழுவதும் இருந்த பிற பண்பாடுகள் மீது பெருமளவு தாக்கத்தை ஏற்படுத்தின.
    ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????.
  • முகலாயப் பேரரசில் சால்வை உற்பத்தியாளர்கள்.
    ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????.
  • முகலாயப் பேரரசின் தரை விரிப்பு
    ???????? ???????? ??? ????????

?????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

?????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???? , ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? 1701?1708 ??? ?????????? ????????????????. [85]

1659 ??????? 1662??? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? 1666 ??????? 1672??? ???? ???????????. ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????, "1694 ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????????. ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????. ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????". [86] ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???, ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ????? ????? ?????????. ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. [87]

??????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????. [88] ?????????????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????. 1641??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? [88] . ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????????????. [89]

???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????. [88] ???????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????. [90] ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????. ??????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????????????? ????? ????? ????????????. [88] [90] [91]

?????????????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? 1658??? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. 1647 ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????.

????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

1660??? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????????. ???????, ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????????? ???????. ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????. ?????, 1666??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ????????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????????. ??????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. [92]

?????????????????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

1667??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????.

  • மகா மொகுலின் (ஔரங்கசீப்) அணிவகுப்பு
    ??? ???????? (?????????) ??????????
  • பிராங்கோயிசு பெர்னியர் என்பவர் ஒரு பிரெஞ்சு மருத்துவர் மற்றும் பயணி ஆவார். ஔரங்கசீப்புக்கு மருத்துவராக இவர் 12 ஆண்டுகளுக்குத் திகழ்ந்தார். முகலாயப் பேரரசில் பயணங்கள் என்ற நூலில் தன்னுடைய அனுபவங்களை இவர் விளக்கியுள்ளார்.
    ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????????????? ??????????? ???? 12 ?????????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????.
  • வெனிசு நகரத்தைச் சேர்ந்த வின்சென்சோ கோரோனெல்லியின் (1650–1718) முகலாயப் பேரரசு குறித்த வரைபடம். இவர் பிரான்சின் பதினான்காம் லூயியிக்கு அரசின் புவியியலாளராகச் சேவையாற்றினார்.
    ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? (1650?1718) ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????.
  • தக்காணம் குறித்த பிரெஞ்சுக்காரர்களின் வரைபடம்.
    ???????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????.

????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

1660????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????. ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????????. ???????, ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????, ???? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????????. [93]

?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

???????? ????????? ?????, ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????. [94] ???????, ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????????. ????????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????. ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????. [95]

????????????????? ???? ?????????, ????????-???????? ?????? [ ???? ]

????????-???????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????.

1686??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????-???????? ?????? ??????????. [96] ????????????? 1689??? ????????????, ????????????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????. [97]

??????????? 1695??? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ￡6,00,000 ?? ????????????????. [98] ????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???????????????, ?????? ????????????? ???? ????????. ?????????????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????. [98] ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????. ???????, ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????. [99]

1702??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????. [100] ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????.

?????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? 1664-65??? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????. [101]

???????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

1679?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. 1683??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????. [102]

1690??? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. "??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????" "??? ???? ????? ???????????????" (???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????) ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????.

??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

17??? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????-?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. 1696??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? , ???????????? , ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????. [103]

????????? ???????????????? [ ???? ]

???? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????, ????????? ???????, ??????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????.

??????? [ ???? ]

1690 ???????? ????????? " ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? " ????? ??????????????????. [104]

????????? ￡10 ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. [105] ????? ???????? ?? $ 450 ????????? ( ? 3,218.2 ???? ) ??? ???? ??????????????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????? 10 ???????????? ?????????????. [106]

????????? [ ???? ]

  • அரை ரூபாய்
    ??? ??????
  • முழுப் பெயரையும் காட்டும் ரூபாய் நாணயம்
    ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????
  • சதுரப் பகுதியைக் கொண்ட ரூபாய்
    ?????? ????????? ????? ??????
  • ஔரங்கசீப்பின் செப்பு தாம் நாணயம்
    ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????

????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????: [107]

?????? ????????? ????????
???? ?????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????. [107]

???????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????????.

??????????, ?????????????, ??????? , ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????. [108]

  • 1669??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ???? ????????????. ????? ???????????????????.
  • 1659??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ??????????, ????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????. 1689??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ???????????. ?????, ????????????? ????????? ?????????????. [109]
  • 1679??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ????????. ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????. [110] [111]
  • 1672??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????. [112]
  • 1671??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????????. ?????, ???????????????????.
  • ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????????. [113]

???? ????????? [ ???? ]

????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????????????.

1669??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????????. [114] [115] ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????. 1670??? ????? ???????? 20,000 ??????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????, ?????????? ???????? 93,000 ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. [116]

?????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????. ?????, ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????????????. ???????? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. [122] [123] [124] [125] ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. 4 ???? 1688 ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????????????. [126]

???????, ????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????.

???? ????????????? ??????? ????????????, ?????? , ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????. ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. [127]

??????-?????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???????: ??????-?????????? ???????
???????? ???????: ?????????? ??????
???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????.

1657??? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????. ???? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????????, ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????. [128] ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [129] ????????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????????. [130] ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. [131]

1659??? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? (??????) ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????. ???????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????????. ???????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????. ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????.

????????????? ????????? (?????) ???? ??????. ??????: ???. ??. ????????.

??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????. [132] ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ???????, ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????. ???? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????, ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. [133]

?????? ???????????????? ????????????. 1674??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????. [134] 1680??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????. [135] ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????.

??????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????????. ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????. ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????????????????? ???????????????????. ???????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????????? ????????????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????. [136]

1689??? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????????. ????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? , ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? (1689?1707) ???? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????. ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? - ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? - ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????? ??? ?????????????. ????????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????????. [137] ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????. ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????. ???????? ???? 88??? ?????? ????????????. ????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????????. [138]

???????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ???? , ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????. [139] ??????-?????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? 25 ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????. ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? 1 ??????? ???? ????????. ??? ?????????, 20 ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. [140]

  • தக்காணத்தில் ஒரு முகலாயத் துருப்பு.
    ???????????? ??? ???????? ????????.
  • 1705இல் 5 இலட்சம் துருப்புகளைக் கொண்ட ஓர் இராணுவத்திற்கு தனது இறுதிப் போர்ப் பயணத்தின் போது தலைமை தாங்கும் ஔரங்கசீப்.
    1705??? 5 ??????? ????????????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????.
  • ஒரு திரி இயக்கச் சுடுகலன் துப்பாக்கியை வைத்திருக்கும் முகலாய-சகாப்த உயர் குடியினர்.
    ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????-?????? ???? ?????????.
  • வேட்டை நாய்கள் மற்றும் வல்லூறு பயிற்றுவிப்பாளர்களுடன் தனது முதுமைக் காலத்தில் வேட்டையாடும் ஔரங்கசீப்
    ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????

????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

?????????????, ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????. ?????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????. 1660??? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. [141]

??????????? ??????? 1661??? ????????????. ??????????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????. 17 ???????? 1662 ????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. 82 ???????, ????? 3 ??????? ?????????, 1,000 ????????? ??????? 173 ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. [142]

???????? 1663??? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. [143] ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????. ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????????. ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ???????????????.

????????? ?????????? 1671??? ????? ????????????????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????, ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????.

??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????, 1682??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????. [144]

??????? ????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????.

?? 1672??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????????? ???, ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ?????????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????????? ?????????????. ?? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ?????????? 75 ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. [145]

???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????. [112]

????????? ????????? 10,000 ???????????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????. [145]

??????? ????????? [ ???? ]

???? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

??????????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????, ????????, ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? [146] [147] ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? 1672??? ????? ??????????. ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??? ??????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????. ?????????????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????????, ????????? ?????????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

????? ???????? [ ???? ]

’????????’ ????? ??????? ???????? ‘??????????? ??????? ?????????’ ????? ??????. 1695?? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ’??????’ ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ???????. ‘????????’???? ???????????, ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????????????????. ???? ???????????? ????????. ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???? ????????? ?????.

“?????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????. ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???????. ???? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????.

1707?? ????? ????????????? ?????? (???????) ???????? ???????????????? ??????? (???????? ???????????) ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????:

??????????????? ????? [ ???? ]

???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????????.

??? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????. (???????????, ??????????? -??????, ???. ??? 307-312).

??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????.

??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ ?????: ??????????, ????? ????????
  2. ↑ ?????: ???????????????????????? ?????
  3. ↑ ?????: ?????

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ "Tomb of Aurangzeb" (PDF) . ASI Aurangabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015 . ????????????? ???? 21 March 2015 .
  2. ↑ Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance . Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62?63. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-78347-572-8 . Aurangzeb (1658?1707). Aurangzeb's rule, spanning a period of 49 years
  3. ↑ Bayly, C.A. (1990). Indian society and the making of the British Empire (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p.  7 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-38650-0 .
  4. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2): 223. ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 1076-156X . http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381 . ??????? ????: 12 September 2016 .  
  5. ↑ Jozsef Borocz (2009). The European Union and Global Social Change . Routledge . p. 21. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-135-25580-0 . ????????????? ???? 26 June 2017 .
  6. ↑ Ali, A.; Thiam, I.D.; Talib, Y.A. (2016). The Different aspects of Islamic culture: Islam in the World today; Retrospective of the evolution of Islam and the Muslim world . UNESCO Publishing. p. 51. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-92-3-100132-1 .
  7. ↑ Bibb, Sheila C.; Simon-Lopez, Alexandra (2019). Framing the Apocalypse: Visions of the End-of-Times (in ????????). Brill. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-90-04-39944-0 .
  8. ↑ " Aurangzeb ". Encyclopædia Britannica .  
  9. ↑ Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E., eds. (2012). Events that formed the modern world : from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 248. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-59884-901-1 .
  10. ↑ Waseem, M., ed. (2003). On Becoming an Indian Muslim: French Essays on Aspects of Syncretism . New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 103. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-565807-1 .
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Mukerjee 2001 , ?. 23.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Sarkar 1912 , ?. 61.
  13. ↑ Tillotson 2008 , ?. 194.
  14. ↑ Eaton, Richard M. (2019). India in the Persianate Age : 1000?1765 . University of California Press. p. 251. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-520-97423-4 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1243310832 .
  15. ↑ Gandhi, Supriya (2020). The emperor who never was : Dara Shukoh in Mughal India . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. pp. 52?53. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-674-98729-6 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1112130290 .
  16. ↑ Gandhi, Supriya (2020). The emperor who never was : Dara Shukoh in Mughal India . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. pp. 59?62. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-674-98729-6 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1112130290 .
  17. ↑ Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb : the life and legacy of India's most controversial king . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 17?18. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-5036-0259-5 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   962025936 .
  18. ↑ Sarkar 1912 , ?. 12.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Sarker, Kobita (2007). Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth: the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals . p. 187.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Mehta, J.l. (1986). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India . p. 418.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012). Events That Formed the Modern World . p. 254.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 ( Mehta 1986 , ?. 374)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mukherjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions . Gyan Books. p. 128. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8-121-20760-7 .
  24. ↑ Subhash Parihar, Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture (1999), p. 149
  25. ↑ Shujauddin, Mohammad; Shujauddin, Razia (1967). The Life and Times of Noor Jahan (in ????????). Caravan Book House. p. 1.
  26. ↑ Ahmad, Moin-ud-din (1924). The Taj and Its Environments: With 8 Illus. from Photos., 1 Map, and 4 Plans (in ????????). R. G. Bansal. p. 101.
  27. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 130)
  28. ↑ Abdul Hamid Lahori (1636). "Prince Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar" . Padshahnama . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ]. A History of Modern India, 1480?1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 103. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-84331-004-4 .
  30. ↑ George Michell and Mark Zebrowski, Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates , (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 12.
  31. ↑ Eraly, Abraham (2007). The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age . Penguin Books India. p.  147 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-310262-5 .
  32. ↑ Chandra, Satish (2002) [First published 1959]. Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707?1740 (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p.  50 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-565444-8 .
  33. ↑ Krieger-Krynicki, Annie (2005). Captive princess : Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb . Translated by Hamid, Enjum. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-579837-1 .
  34. ↑ Mukerjee 2001 , ?. 53.
  35. ↑ Sarkar 1912 , ?. 64?66.
  36. ↑ Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign". Modern Asian Studies 41 (1): 82?84. doi : 10.1017/S0026749X05002313 .  
  37. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 128)
  38. ↑ The Calcutta Review, Volume 75, 1882, p. 87.
  39. ↑ Sir Charles Fawcett: The Travels of the Abbarrn India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674 Hakluyt Society, London, 1947, p. 167.
  40. ↑ M. S. Commissariat: Mandelslo's Travels In Western India, Asian Educational Services, 1995, p. 57.
  41. ↑ Krieger-Krynicki, Annie (2005). Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb . Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 41. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-579837-1 .
  42. ↑ Ahmad, Fazl. Heroes of Islam. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraff, 1993. Print.
  43. ↑ Campbell, James McNabb (1896). History of Gujarat (in ????????). Bombay: Government Central Press. p. 280 . ????????????? ???? 2022-04-29 .
  44. ↑ Subramanian, Archana (2015-07-30). "Way to the throne" (in en-IN). The Hindu . https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/rise-and-fall-of-aurangzeb/article7481718.ece .  
  45. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 132?133)
  46. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 132?133)
  47. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 134?135)
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals . Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 267?269. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8124110669 . ????????????? ???? 29 September 2012 .
  49. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 140, 188)
  50. ↑ Prasad, Ishwari (1974). The Mughal Empire . Allahabad: Chugh Publications. pp. 524?525. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1532660 . [Aurangzeb] marched in the direction of Bijapur and on reaching Bidar laid siege to it … The Qiladar of the fort was Sidi Marjan … [The Mughals] were helped by an explosion of powder magazine in the fortress … Sidi Marjan and two of his sons were badly burnt … Thus was the fort of Bidar taken after a siege of 27 days … Sidi Marjan died of his wounds soon afterwards … Aurangzeb arrived at Kalyani.
  51. ↑ Mukhoty, Ira (17 May 2018). "Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh's fight for the throne was entwined with the rivalry of their two sisters" . Scroll.in .
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ]. A History of Modern India, 1480?1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 96. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-84331-004-4 .
  53. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 151?152)
  54. ↑ Metcalf, Barbara D. ; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.  20 ?21. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-86362-9 .
  55. ↑ "Marc Gaborieau" (in ????????). Centre d'Etudes de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud. 6 July 2016 . ????????????? ???? 2 May 2016 .
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals . Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 270?271. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8124110669 . ????????????? ???? 29 September 2012 .
  57. ↑ Syed, Anees Jahan (1977). Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al Lubab . Somaiya Publications. pp. 64?65. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   5240812 .
  58. ↑ Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002) [1990]. Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450?1850 (illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-52305-9 .
  59. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 159)
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals . Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. p. 272. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8124110669 . ????????????? ???? 29 September 2012 .
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books. p. 183. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-9-38060-734-4 .
  62. ↑ ( Richards 1996 , ?. 162)
  63. ↑ The Cambridge History of India (1922), vol. IV, p. 481.
  64. ↑ Larson, Gerald James (1995). India's Agony Over Religion . State University of New York Press. p.  111 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-7914-2411-7 .
  65. ↑ Allan, J.; Haig, Sir T. Wolseley (1934). Dodwell, H. H. (ed.). The Cambridge Shorter History of India . Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
  66. ↑ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920). The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 . Clarendon Press. p. 412.
  67. ↑ Maddison, Angus (2003): Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics , ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? , ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9264104143 , pp. 259?261
  68. ↑ Ahmed Sayeed (2020). Negate Fighting Faith . Oxford University Press. p. 201. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-9388660792 .
  69. ↑ Rosalind O'Hanlon (2007). "Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India" (in En). Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Brill) 50 (4): 490-523. ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 15685209 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165208 . "... Bernier reported that the emperor Aurangzeb inspected his contingents of cavalry every day. During these inspections, “the King takes pleasure also in having the blades of cutlasses tried on dead sheep, brought before him without the entrails and neatly bound up. Young Omrahs, Mansebdars and Gourze-berdars or mace bearers, exercise their skill and put forth all their strength to cut through the four feet, which are fastened together, and the body of the sheep at one blow."... "".  
  70. ↑ Kaul, H. N. (1998). Rediscovery of Ladakh . Indus Publishing. p. 63. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8173870866 . ????????????? ???? 29 April 2012 .
  71. ↑ Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ]. A History of Modern India, 1480?1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 106. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-84331-004-4 . Shayista Khan … was appointed [Bengal's] governor in 1664 and swept the region clean of Portuguese and Arakanese pirates … in 1666, he recaptured the port of Chittagong … from the king of Arakan. A strategic outpost, Chittagong would remain the principal commercial port of call before entering the waters of the delta.
  72. ↑ Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century . Pearson Education India. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8131732021 .
  73. ↑ Singh, Abhay Kumar (2006). Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650?1800 . Vol. 1. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. pp. 351?352. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-7211-201-1 . ????????????? ???? 30 September 2012 .
  74. ↑ Balasubramaniam, R.; Chattopadhyay, Pranab K. (2007). " Zafarbaksh ? The Composite Mughal Cannon of Aurangzeb at Fort William in Kolkata" . Indian Journal of History of Science 42 . http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol42_2_5_RBalasubramaniam.pdf .  
  75. ↑ Douglas, James (1893). Bombay and western India: a series of stray papers . Vol. 2. Sampson Low, Marston & Company.
  76. ↑ Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2006). "The Indian Response to Firearms, 1300?1750" . In Buchanan, Brenda J. (ed.). Gunpowder, Explosives And the State: A Technological History . Ashgate Publishing. p. 59. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-7546-5259-5 .
  77. ↑ Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500?1700 , p. 122, ?????? ?????????????
  78. ↑ Imperial Mughal Painting , Stuart Cary Welch , (New York: George Braziller, 1978), pp. 112?113. "In spite of his later austerity, which turned him against music, dance, and painting, a few of the best Mughal paintings were made for [Aurangzeb] 'Alamgir. Perhaps the painters realized that he might close the workshops and therefore exceeded themselves in his behalf".
  79. ↑ Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King (in ????????). Stanford University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-5036-0259-5 .
  80. ↑ Asher, Catherine B. (1992). Architecture of Mughal India . Cambridge University Press. pp. 252 & 290. ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.1017/chol9780521267281 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-26728-1 .
  81. ↑ Sohoni, Pushkar (2016-12-20). "A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb's Architectural Patronage" . Journal of Islamic Architecture 4 (2): 63. doi : 10.18860/jia.v4i2.3514 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 2356-4644 . http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/JIA/article/view/3514 .  
  82. ↑ Asher, Catherine B. (1992). Architecture of Mughal India . Cambridge University Press. pp. 260?261. ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.1017/chol9780521267281 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-26728-1 .
  83. ↑ Werner, Louis (July?August 2011). "Mughal Maal" . Saudi Aramco World . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . ????????????? ???? 3 October 2014 .
  84. ↑ Hansen, Eric (July?August 2002). "Pashmina: Kashmir's Best Cashmere" . Saudi Aramco World . Archived from the original on 27 October 2004 . ????????????? ???? 3 October 2014 .
  85. ↑ Schimmel, A.; Waghmar, B.K. (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture . Reaktion Books. p. 17. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-86189-185-3 . ????????????? ???? 3 October 2014 .
  86. ↑ Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman Relations . Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. pp. 124, 126. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   20894584 . In November 1659, shortly after his formal coronation, Aurangzeb sent … a diplomatic mission to Mecca … entrusted with 630.000 rupees for the Sharif families of Mecca and Medina … Aurangzeb sent another mission to Mecca in 1662 … with presents worth 660,000 rupees … Aurangzeb also sent considerable amount of money, through his own agents, to Mecca. In 1666 … alms and offerings; … six years later … several lakhs of rupees; the money was to be spent in charity in Mecca and Medina.
  87. ↑ Daniel R. Headrick (2012). Power Over Peoples Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the Present (ebook) (in ????????). Princeton University Press. p. 76. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-4008-3359-7 . ????????????? ???? 15 March 2024 .
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 Leonard Y. Andaya (January 22, 2008). Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka (Hardcover) (in ????????). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 121?122. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-8248-3189-9 . ????????????? ???? 2 December 2023 . ... Aurangzeb and Dara Shukoh participated in Aceh's trade, and Aurangzeb even exchanged presents with Aceh's sultan in 1641. For two decades after the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Melaka in 1641, the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by restricting Muslim trade to Aceh. Angered by
  89. ↑ Pius Malekandathil (2016). The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India (ebook) (in ????????). Taylor & Francis. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-351-99745-4 . ????????????? ???? 11 March 2024 . ... 1641 , his daughter , Sultanah Safiatuddin presented Aurangzeb with eight …
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Malekandathil, Pius, ed. (September 13, 2016). The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India . Taylor & Francis. p. 154. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-351-99746-1 . ????????????? ???? 2 December 2023 . ... backed out and allowed Indian traders to sail to Aceh and other southern ports without restriction.74 According to S …
  91. ↑ Frans Huskin; Dick van der Meij (October 11, 2013). Reading Asia New Research in Asian Studies (ebook) (in ????????). Taylor & Francis. p. 87. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-136-84377-8 . ????????????? ???? 2 December 2023 . ... 1660s the VOC backed down and allowed Indian traders to sail to Aceh, Perak, and Kedah without restriction.ll Another important trading community in Aceh consisted of Indians from the Coromandel Coast who had been prominent in Malay …
  92. ↑ Matthee, Rudi (2011). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan . Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 126, 136. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-84511-745-0 .
  93. ↑ Tripathy, Rasananda (1986). Crafts and commerce in Orissa in the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries . Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 91. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   14068594 . ????????????? ???? 29 April 2012 .
  94. ↑ Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations . Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. pp. 332?333. Aurangzeb, who seized the Peacock throne from Shahjahan, was equally unwilling to acknowledge the Ottoman claim to the Khilafat. Hostile towards the Ottomans, the Emperor took every opportunity to support the opponents of the Ottoman regime. He cordially welcomed two rebel Governors of Basra and gave them and their dependents high mansabs in the imperial service. Aurangzeb also did not respond to Sultan Suleiman II's friendly overtures.
  95. ↑ John F. Richards (1993). The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 (Paperback) (in ????????). Cambridge University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-56603-2 . ????????????? ???? 2 December 2023 .
  96. ↑ "Asia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia | Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World" . encyclopedia.com . ????????????? ???? 23 February 2015 .
  97. ↑ Faruki, Zahiruddin (1972) [1935]. Aurangzeb & His Times . Bombay: Idarah-i Adabiy?t-i Delli. p. 442. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1129476255 .
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Douglas R. Burgess (2009). "Piracy in the Public Sphere: The Henry Every Trials and the Battle for Meaning in Seventeenth-Century Print Culture" . Journal of British Studies 48 (4): 887?913. doi : 10.1086/603599 . https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-british-studies_2009-10_48_4/page/887 .  
  99. ↑ Burgess, Douglas R. (2009). The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.  144?145 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-07-147476-4 .
  100. ↑ Blackburn, Terence R. (2007). A Miscellany of Mutinies And Massacres in India . APH Publishing. p. 11. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8131301692 .
  101. ↑ Bernier, Francois (1671). Travels in the Mogul Empire: A.D. 1656?1668 .
  102. ↑ "MAASIR-I-'ALAMGIRI" (PDF) . dspace.gipe.ac.in .
  103. ↑ "Russia and India: A civilisational friendship" . 9 September 2016.
  104. ↑ Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer (1951). The East India Company and the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 178. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-8047-2864-5 .
  105. ↑ Hunter, Sir William Wilson (2005) [First published 1886 (London:)]. The Indian Empire: Its People, History, and Products (Reprinted ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 311. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8120615816 .
  106. ↑ Harrison, Lawrence E. ; Berger, Peter L. (2006). Developing cultures: case studies . Routledge . p. 158. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-415-95279-8 .
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 Khan, S?qi Must'ad (1947). Ma?sir-i-'?lamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib '?lamgir (reign 1658?1707 A.D.) . Translated by Sarkar, Sir Jadunath . Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 13. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   692517744 . In former times the sacred Quaranic credo ( Kalma ) used to be stamped on gold and silver coins, and such coins were constantly touched with the hands and feet of men; Aurangzib said that it would be better to stamp some other words … The Emperor liked it [the couplet] and ordered that one face … should be stamped with this verse and the other with the name of the mint-city and the year.
  108. ↑ Metcalf, Barbara D. ; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.  23 ?24. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-86362-9 .
  109. ↑ Schmidt, Karl J. (1995). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History . Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 54. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-56324-334-9 .
  110. ↑ Laine, James W. (2015). Meta-Religion: Religion and Power in World History (in ????????). Univ of California Press. p. 153. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-520-95999-6 . ????????????? ???? 21 February 2022 .
  111. ↑ Burn, Richard , ed. (1937). The Cambridge History of India . Vol. IV. pp. 248?252 . ????????????? ???? 15 September 2011 . The whole country was soon occupied by the imperialists, anarchy and slaughter were let loose upon the doomed state; all great towns in the village were pillaged; the temples were thrown down
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth; Garrett, Herbert Leonard Offley (1930). Mughal Rule in India . Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 119. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-7156-551-1 .
  113. ↑ Bhagav?nad?sa Gupta, Contemporary Sources of the Mediaeval and Modern History of Bundelkhand (1531?1857) , vol. 1 (1999). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 81-85396-23-X .
  114. ↑ Avari 2013 , ?. 131: Crisis arose in the north among the Jat agriculturists dissatisfied with punitive imperial taxation … The first to rebel against the Mughals were the Hindu Jats.
  115. ↑ The History of Indian people by Damodar P Singhal pg 196 Quote: "In 1669 the demolition of Hindu temples and building of mosques in Mathura led to a Jat uprising under Gokla"
  116. ↑ Chandra, S. (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part ? II . Har-Anand Publications. p. 290. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8124110669 . ????????????? ???? 3 October 2014 .
  117. ↑ V?rasi?ha, 2006, "The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India, Volume 2" , Delhi: Originals , pp. 100?102.
  118. ↑ Edward James Rap;son, Sir Wolseley Haig and Sir Richard, 1937, "The Cambridge History of India" , Cambridge University Press, Volume 4, pp. 305.
  119. ↑ Waldemar Hansen, 1986, "The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India" , p. 454.
  120. ↑ Reddy, 2005, "General Studies History for UPSC" , Tata McGraw-Hill , p. B-46.
  121. ↑ Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, 1992, "Architecture of Mughal India ? Part 1" , Cambridge university Press, Vol. 4, p. 108.
  122. ↑ Peck, Lucy (2008). Agra: The Architectural Heritage . Roli Books. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-7436-942-0 .
  123. ↑ Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston, Leslie Haden Guest, 1937, The World of To-day: The Marvels of Nature and the Creations of Man , Vol. 2, p. 510
  124. ↑ Havell, Ernest Binfield (1904). A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood . Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 75. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-4219-8341-7 .
  125. ↑ Penfield, Frederic Courtland (1907). East to Suez Ceylon, India, China, and Japan . p. 179.
  126. ↑ Maasir ? I ? Alamgiri . 1947.
  127. ↑ Saha, Shandip (2004). Creating a Community of Grace: A History of the Pu??i M?rga in Northern and Western India (Thesis). University of Ottawa. pp. 89, 178.
  128. ↑ Kincaid, Dennis (1937). The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire . London: Collins. pp. 72?78.
  129. ↑ Kincaid, Dennis (1937). The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji Maharaj, Founder of the Maratha Empire . London: Collins. pp. 121?125.
  130. ↑ Kincaid, Dennis (1937). The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire . London: Collins. pp. 130?138.
  131. ↑ Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ]. A History of Modern India, 1480?1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 102. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-84331-004-4 .
  132. ↑ Chandra, Satish (1999). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals . Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 321. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   36806798 .
  133. ↑ Chandra, Satish (1999). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals . Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 323?324. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   36806798 .
  134. ↑ Kincaid, Dennis (1937). The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire . London: Collins. p. 283.
  135. ↑ Agrawal, Ashvini (1983). Studies in Mughal History . Motilal Banarsidass Publication. pp. 162?163. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8120823266 .
  136. ↑ Gascoigne, Bamber ; Gascoigne, Christina (1971). The Great Moghuls . Cape. pp. 228?229. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-224-00580-7 .
  137. ↑ Gascoigne, Bamber ; Gascoigne, Christina (1971). The Great Moghuls . Cape. pp. 239?246. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-224-00580-7 .
  138. ↑ Gordon, Stewart (1993). The Marathas 1600?1818 (1. publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University. pp. 101?105. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-26883-7 . ????????????? ???? 20 July 2016 .
  139. ↑ Stein, B.; Arnold, D. (2010). A History of India . Wiley. p. 181. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-4443-2351-1 . ????????????? ???? 3 October 2014 .
  140. ↑ Matthew White (2011). Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements . Canongate Books . p. 113. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-85786-125-2 .
  141. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath , ed. (1973) [1948]. The History of Bengal . Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 346. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   924890 . Mir Jumla was appointed governor of Bengal (June 1660) and ordered to punish the kings of Kuch Bihar and Assam.
  142. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath , ed. (1973) [1948]. The History of Bengal . Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. pp. 346?347. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   924890 . [Mir Jumla] left Dacca on 1st November 1661 … the Mughal army entered the capital of Kuch Bihar on 19th December … The kingdom was annexed to the Mughal empire … Mir Jumla set out for the conquest of Assam on 4th January, 1662 … triumphantly marched into Garh-gaon the Ahom capital on 17th March. Raja Jayadhwaj … had fled .. The spoils … 82 elephants, 3 lakhs of rupees in cash, … over a thousand bots, and 173 stores of paddy.
  143. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath , ed. (1973) [First published 1948]. The History of Bengal . Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 350. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   924890 . [Mir Jumla] set out on his return on 10th January 1663, travelling by p?lki owing to his illness, which daily increased. At Barital? he embarked in a boat and glided down the river toward Dacca, dying on 31st March.
  144. ↑ Sarkar, J. N. (1992), "Chapter VIII Assam-Mughal Relations", in Barpujari, H. K., The Comprehensive History of Assam 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 148?256
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 Hansen, Waldemar (1986) [First published 1972]. The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India . Motilal Banarsidass. p. 454. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-208-0225-4 . ????????????? ???? 3 October 2014 .
  146. ↑ Morgenstierne, G. (1960). "Khushhal Khan ? the national poet of the Afghans". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 47 : 49?57. doi : 10.1080/03068376008731684 .  
  147. ↑ Banting, Erinn (2003). Afghanistan: The Culture Lands, Peoples, & Cultures . Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 28. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-7787-9337-3 . ????????????? ???? 28 February 2013 .
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