Water (
H
2
O
)
|
|
|
Names
|
IUPAC name
water, oxidane
|
Other names
Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH), hydrogen oxide, dihydrogen monoxide (DHMO) (systematic name
[1]
), hydrogen monoxide, dihydrogen oxide, hydric acid, hydrohydroxic acid, hydroxic acid, hydrol,
[2]
μ-oxido dihydrogen, κ
1
-hydroxyl hydrogen(0)
|
Identifiers
|
|
- 7732-18-5
Y
|
|
|
Beilstein Reference
|
3587155
|
ChEBI
|
|
ChEMBL
|
|
ChemSpider
|
|
ECHA InfoCard
|
100.028.902
|
Gmelin Reference
|
117
|
|
|
RTECS number
|
|
UNII
|
|
|
|
|
|
Properties
|
|
H
2
O
|
Molar mass
|
18.01528(33) g/mol
|
Appearance
|
White crystal-like solid, almost colorless liquid with a hint of blue, colorless gas
|
Odor
|
None
|
Density
|
Liquid:
0.9998396 g/mL at 0 °C
0.9970474 g/mL at 25 °C
0.961893 g/mL at 95 °C
Solid:
[4]
0.9167 g/ml at 0 °C
|
Melting point
|
0.00 °C (32.00 °F; 273.15 K)
[a]
|
Boiling point
|
99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K)
[5]
[a]
|
|
N/A
|
Solubility
|
Poorly soluble in
haloalkanes
,
aliphatic
and
aromatic
hydrocarbons,
ethers
.
[6]
Improved solubility in
carboxylates
,
alcohols
,
ketones
,
amines
. Miscible with
methanol
,
ethanol
,
propanol
,
isopropanol
,
acetone
,
glycerol
,
1,4-dioxane
,
tetrahydrofuran
,
sulfolane
,
acetaldehyde
,
dimethylformamide
,
dimethoxyethane
,
dimethyl sulfoxide
,
acetonitrile
. Partially miscible with
Diethyl ether
,
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
,
Dichloromethane
,
Ethyl Acetate
,
Bromine
.
|
Vapor pressure
|
3.1690 kilopascals or 0.031276 atm
|
Acidity
(p
K
a
)
|
13.995
[8]
[b]
|
Basicity
(p
K
b
)
|
13.995
|
Conjugate acid
|
Hydronium
|
Conjugate base
|
Hydroxide
|
Thermal conductivity
|
0.6065 W/(m·K)
[12]
|
|
1.3330 (20 °C)
[13]
|
Viscosity
|
0.890
cP
|
Structure
|
|
Hexagonal
|
|
C
2v
|
|
Bent
|
|
1.8546
D
|
Thermochemistry
|
Std enthalpy of
formation
Δ
f
H
o
298
|
?285.83?±?0.04 kJ/mol
[6]
[16]
|
Standard molar
entropy
S
o
298
|
69.95?±?0.03 J/(mol·K)
[16]
|
Specific heat capacity
,
C
|
75.385?±?0.05 J/(mol·K)
[16]
|
Hazards
|
Main
hazards
|
Drowning
Avalanche
(as snow)
Water intoxication
(see also
Dihydrogen monoxide parody
)
|
NFPA 704
|
|
Flash point
|
Non-flammable
|
Related compounds
|
Other
cations
|
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen selenide
Hydrogen telluride
Hydrogen polonide
Hydrogen peroxide
|
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
standard state
(at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
Y
verify
(
what is
Y
N
?)
|
Infobox references
|
|
|
Water
(
H
2
O
) is a
transparent
,
tasteless
,
odourless
, and almost
always colourless
chemical substance
and covers about 71% of
Earth
's surface.
No known
life
can live without it. Water is essential for life.
[17]
This has to be qualified a bit. There are some forms of life which can survive without it, but cannot
reproduce
without it. Since reproduction is a central part of life, it is clear that water is essential for an organism to survive and reproduce.
Lakes
,
oceans
,
seas
, and
rivers
are made of water.
Precipitation
is water that falls from
clouds
in the
sky
. It may be
rain
if it is liquid, or it may be snow or ice
frozen
if it is cold. When water gets below 0 °C (32 °F), it
freezes
and becomes
ice
, the frozen kind of water. If water gets very hot (above 100 °C (212 °F), it
boils
and becomes
steam
or
water vapor
.
There is a
water cycle
.
Water is a
fluid
. Water is the only
chemical substance
on Earth that exists naturally in three
states
. There are over 40
anomalies
(strange things) about water.
[18]
Unlike most other liquids such as alcohol or oil, when water
freezes
, it expands by about 9%.
[19]
[20]
[21]
This expansion can cause pipes to break if the water inside them freezes.
Water is a
molecule
made of two
hydrogen
atoms
and one
oxygen
atom. Its
chemical formula
is H
2
O.
Like other liquids, water has a
surface tension
, so a little water can make drops on a surface, rather than always spreading out to wet the surface.
[22]
Things having something to do with water may have "hydro" or "aqua" in their name, such as
hydropower
or
aquarium
, from the
Greek
and
Latin
names for water. It is also called the "universal solvent", because it dissolves many other
compounds
.
In small amounts, water appears to have no colour but in large amounts (such as seas or lakes), it has a very light blue color.
Plants
and
animals
(including
people
) are mostly water inside, and must drink water to live. It gives a
medium
for
chemical reactions
to take place, and is the main part of
blood
. It keeps the
body temperature
the same by
sweating
from the
skin
. Water helps blood carry
nutrients
from the
stomach
to all parts of the body to keep the body alive. Water also helps the blood carry
oxygen
from the
lungs
to the body.
Saliva
, which helps animals and people digest food, is mostly water. Water helps make
urine
. Urine helps remove bad
chemicals
from the body. The human body is between 60% and 70% water, but this value differs with age; i.e. a foetus is 95% water inside.
Water is the main component of
drinks
like
milk
,
juice
, and
wine
. Each type of drink also has other things that add
flavor
or
nutrients
, things like
sugar
,
fruit
, and sometimes
alcohol
. Water that a person can drink is called "potable water" (or "drinking water"). The water in oceans is
salt water
, but lakes and rivers usually have
unsalted water
. Only about 3% of all the water on earth is fresh water. The rest is salt water.
[23]
[24]
Many places, including cities and
deserts
, don't have as much water as people want. They build
aqueducts
to bring water there.
Though people can survive a few months without food, they can only survive for a day or two without water. A few
desert
animals can get enough water from their food, but the others must drink.
Water has no smell, taste, or color.
Water is also used for recreational purposes,
see
list of water sports
.
Water is used as both the coolant and the
neutron moderator
in most
nuclear reactors
. This may be ordinary water (called light water in the nuclear industry) or
heavy water
.
Water is also used for washing a lot of objects.
Goods
,
services
and people are transported to other
countries
in
watercrafts
on bodies of water.
Water is used in
chemical reactions
as a
solvent
or
reactant
. Water is also used in
fire fighting
. Water is also used for
cooking
.
The dihydrogen monoxide
parody
involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name "dihydrogen monoxide" (DHMO) and listing some of its harmful effects in an alarming way. Some examples include talking about how "it causes burning, suffocation and corrosion," when it is actually just talking about hot water, drowning and rust. Sometimes the parody calls for it to be banned and/or labelled as dangerous.
The prank works because it takes advantage of people's misunderstanding. Calling water by an unfamiliar name and making it sound like a harmful chemical can make people think it is dangerous.
"Dihydrogen monoxide" is an alternative chemical name for water, but nobody uses it. The word "dihydrogen" means two hydrogens, and "monoxide" means one oxygen. The chemical formula of water has two hydrogens and one oxygen.
The parody gained most of its popularity in the 1990s, when a 14-year-old named Nathan Zohner collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility. Zohner fooled a lot of people, which has led to his project being used in lessons about critical thinking and the scientific method.
The website DHMO.org is a joke website which lists the harmful effects of water (DHMO), answers questions, and calls for it to be banned, among other things.
A BBC short item explains that every molecule on
Earth
has existed for
billions
of years, and all of them came from elsewhere. Water is alien because it arrived on
asteroids
and
comets
. It is the second most common molecule in the
universe
. Why is it not a gas? It is made of two very light elements. Ice floating on water is also an oddity. Also, hot water freezes faster than cold, and no-one knows why this is. Molecules of water can move up against the force of
gravity
(that is due to surface
adhesion
).
[25]
Much of the universe's water is produced as a by-product of
star formation
.
[27]
On 22 July 2011, a report described the discovery of a gigantic cloud of water vapor containing "140 trillion times more water than the Earth's oceans combined" around a
quasar
12 billion light years from Earth. According to the researchers, the "discovery shows that water has been prevalent in the universe for nearly its entire existence".
[28]
[29]
Water has been detected in
interstellar clouds
in our
galaxy
, the
Milky Way
.
[30]
Water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too. Its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Most other
planetary systems
may have similar ingredients.
Origin of water on Earth: possibilities
[
change
|
change source
]
We do not know exactly how the Earth came to have so much water. It is everywhere in the Universe, but it is uncommon for a place to have so much. The reasoning is like this: every element (except hydrogen and some
helium
) has been formed in stars. Therefore, oxygen was originally formed in stars. The formation of water is not a problem: it is
exothermic
, so forming the molecule from its atoms does not need outside energy. But to explain why the Earth has so much compared to, for example,
Mars
, is not easy. It is an undecided problem in
planetary geology
.
For a while, people thought Earth’s water did not come from the planet’s region of the
protoplanetary disk
. Instead, it was thought that water and other
volatiles
must have been delivered to Earth from the outer Solar System later in its history. But hydrogen inside the Earth did play some role in the formation of the ocean.
[31]
The two ideas may each be partly right. Water was delivered to Earth by impacts from icy
planetesimals
(
asteroids
) in the outer edges of the
asteroid belt
.
[32]
How much is not known.
Water vapor (or water vapour) is the gas form of water. It is found in:
Liquid water is found on
Earth
. It covers about 71% of the
surface
of the Earth. Liquid water is sometimes found in small amounts on
Mars
. Scientists believe that liquid water is in the moons
Enceladus
,
Titan
,
Europa
and
Ganymede
.
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
The frozen form of water (ice) is found in:
- ↑
"naming molecular compounds"
.
www.iun.edu
. Archived from
the original
on 24 September 2018
. Retrieved
1 October
2018
.
Sometimes these compounds have generic or common names (e.g., H2O is "water") and they also have systematic names (e.g., H2O, dihydrogen monoxide).
- ↑
"Definition of Hydrol"
. Merriam-Webster.
- ↑
Lide 2003
, Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water in Section 6.
sfn error: no target: CITEREFLide2003 (
help
)
- ↑
Water
in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);
NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69
, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD),
http://webbook.nist.gov
(retrieved 2016-5-27)
- ↑
6.0
6.1
Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan.
"Properties of substance: water"
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-06-02
. Retrieved
2021-02-07
.
- ↑
Lide 2003
, Chapter 8: Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases.
sfn error: no target: CITEREFLide2003 (
help
)
- ↑
"What is the pKa of Water"
.
University of California, Davis
. 2015-08-09.
- ↑
Silverstein, Todd P.; Heller, Stephen T. (17 April 2017). "pKa Values in the Undergraduate Curriculum: What Is the Real pKa of Water?".
Journal of Chemical Education
.
94
(6): 690?695.
Bibcode
:
2017JChEd..94..690S
.
doi
:
10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00623
.
- ↑
Ramires, Maria L. V.; Castro, Carlos A. Nieto de; Nagasaka, Yuchi; Nagashima, Akira; Assael, Marc J.; Wakeham, William A. (1995-05-01). "Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water".
Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
.
24
(3): 1377?1381.
Bibcode
:
1995JPCRD..24.1377R
.
doi
:
10.1063/1.555963
.
ISSN
0047-2689
.
- ↑
Lide 2003
, 8?Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity.
sfn error: no target: CITEREFLide2003 (
help
)
- ↑
16.0
16.1
16.2
Water
in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);
NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69
, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD),
http://webbook.nist.gov
(retrieved 2014-06-01)
- ↑
"United Nations"
. Un.org. 2005-03-22
. Retrieved
2010-07-25
.
- ↑
"Forty-one anomalies of water ≪ Fairy LoRe"
.
fathersergio.wordpress.com
. 2011
. Retrieved
September 1,
2011
.
- ↑
"8(a) Physical Properties of Water"
.
physicalgeography.net
. 2011
. Retrieved
August 31,
2011
.
pan
- ↑
"Understanding the processes of erosion"
.
mountainnature.com
. 2009. Archived from
the original
on August 28, 2011
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August 31,
2011
.
- ↑
"iapws.org"
. 2000. Archived from
the original
on August 8, 2011
. Retrieved
August 31,
2011
.
- ↑
"Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force"
. Boundless. Archived from
the original
on June 3, 2016
. Retrieved
December 25,
2016
.
- ↑
"Percentage of water"
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-12-14
. Retrieved
2008-12-11
.
- ↑
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. Archived from
the original
on 2007-07-15
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2008-12-11
.
- ↑
Jha, Alok 2019. Why water is one of the weirdest things in the universe.
BBC News
Ideas.
[1]
- ↑
"ALMA greatly improves capacity to search for water in universe"
.
Archived
from the original on 23 July 2015
. Retrieved
20 July
2015
.
- ↑
Melnick, Gary, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Neufeld, David,
Johns Hopkins University
quoted in:
"Discover of water vapor near Orion nebula suggests possible origin of H
2
0 in Solar System"
. The Harvard University Gazette. 1998. Archived from
the original
on 16 January 2000.
"Space cloud holds enough water to fill Earth's oceans 1 million times"
. Headlines@Hopkins, JHU. 9 April 1998.
Archived
from the original on 9 November 2007
. Retrieved
21 April
2007
.
- ↑
Clavin, Whitney; Buis, Alan (22 July 2011).
"Astronomers find largest, most distant reservoir of water"
. NASA.
Archived
from the original on 24 July 2011
. Retrieved
25 July
2011
.
- ↑
Staff (22 July 2011).
"Astronomers find largest, oldest mass of water in Universe"
. Space.com.
Archived
from the original on 29 October 2011
. Retrieved
23 July
2011
.
- ↑
Bova, Ben (13 October 2009).
Faint Echoes, Distant Stars: the science and politics of finding life beyond Earth
. Zondervan.
ISBN
978-0-06-185448-4
.
- ↑
Monday, Nola Taylor Redd | Published; April 1; 2019.
"Where did Earths water come from"
.
Astronomy.com
. Retrieved
2020-07-16
.
CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ↑
Pepin, Robert O. 1991. On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles.
Icarus
92
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[2]
- ↑
Solanki, S. K.; Livingston, W.; Ayres, T. (1994-01-07).
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.
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PMID
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- ↑
the SPICAV/SOIR team; Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Vandaele, Ann-Carine; Korablev, Oleg; Villard, E.; Fedorova, A.; Fussen, D.; Quemerais, E.; Belyaev, D. (November 2007).
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.
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Sridharan, R.; Ahmed, S.M.; Pratim Das, Tirtha; Sreelatha, P.; Pradeepkumar, P.; Naik, Neha; Supriya, Gogulapati (2010).
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'Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I"
.
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ISBN
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.
OCLC
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{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ↑
Kuppers, Michael; O’Rourke, Laurence; Bockelee-Morvan, Dominique; Zakharov, Vladimir; Lee, Seungwon; von Allmen, Paul; Carry, Benoit; Teyssier, David; Marston, Anthony (January 2014).
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.
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PMID
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.
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- ↑
"Hubble sees evidence of water vapor at Jupiter moon"
.
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Hansen, C. J. (2006-03-10).
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The Astrophysical Journal
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45.0
45.1
Hanslmeier, Arnold. (2011).
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OCLC
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Garner, Rob (2015-05-06).
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NASA
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- ↑
Anderson, Gina (2015-09-28).
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.
NASA
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- ↑
"NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon"
.
NASA/JPL
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- ↑
Iess, L.; Stevenson, D. J.; Parisi, M.; Hemingway, D.; Jacobson, R. A.; Lunine, J. I.; Nimmo, F.; Armstrong, J. W.; Asmar, S. W. (2014-04-04).
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PMID
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Dunaeva, A. N.; Kronrod, V. A.; Kuskov, O. L. (2016).
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- ↑
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2020-09-12
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- ↑
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S2CID
129787104
.
- ↑
Thomas, P. C.; Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L. A.; Russell, C. T.; Stern, S. A.; Sykes, M. V.; Young, E. F. (2005).
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.
Nature
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437
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Bibcode
:
2005Natur.437..224T
.
doi
:
10.1038/nature03938
.
ISSN
0028-0836
.
PMID
16148926
.
S2CID
17758979
.
- ↑
September 2005, Bjorn Carey 07 (7 September 2005).
"Largest asteroid might contain more fresh water than Earth"
.
Space.com
. Retrieved
2020-09-12
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ↑
Chang, Kenneth (2015-03-12).
"Suddenly, it seems, water is everywhere in Solar System"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
2020-09-12
.
- ↑
Kuskov, O.L.; Kronrod, V.A. (2005).
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.
Icarus
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177
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Bibcode
:
2005Icar..177..550K
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.014
.
- ↑
Showman, A. P. (1999-10-01).
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.
Science
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286
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doi
:
10.1126/science.286.5437.77
.
PMID
10506564
.
- ↑
60.0
60.1
The solar system : exploring the planets and their moons from Mercury to Pluto and beyond
. Sparrow, Giles, 1970-. San Diego, Calif.: Thunder Bay Press. 2006.
ISBN
1-59223-579-4
.
OCLC
70170307
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: others (
link
)
- ↑
Tobie, Gabriel; Grasset, Olivier; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Mocquet, Antoine; Sotin, Christophe (2005).
"Titan's internal structure inferred from a coupled thermal-orbital model"
.
Icarus
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175
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Bibcode
:
2005Icar..175..496T
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.icarus.2004.12.007
.
- ↑
Verbiscer, A.; French, R.; Showalter, M.; Helfenstein, P. (2007-02-09).
"Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act"
.
Science
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315
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Bibcode
:
2007Sci...315..815V
.
doi
:
10.1126/science.1134681
.
ISSN
0036-8075
.
PMID
17289992
.
S2CID
21932253
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Gibb, E.L.; Mumma, M.J.; Dello Russo, N.; DiSanti, M.A.; Magee-Sauer, K. (2003).
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.
Icarus
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165
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:
2003Icar..165..391G
.
doi
:
10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00201-X
.
- ↑
1.0
1.1
Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water
(VSMOW), used for calibration, melts at 273.1500089(10) K (0.000089(10) °C, and boils at 373.1339 K (99.9839 °C). Other isotopic compositions melt or boil at slightly different temperatures.
- ↑
A commonly quoted value of 15.7 used mainly in organic chemistry for the pK
a
of water is incorrect.
[10]
[11]
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