I
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
(
IPA
:
[xo?liː?a?a man?deːla]
) (18 Julio 1918 ? 5 Diciembre 2013) metung yang
Mauling Aprikanung
rebolusyonaryung kontra-apartheid
a mekulung, at kaybat meging pulitikung migsilbi antimong
Pamuntuk ning Mauling Aprika
manibat 1994 anggang 1999. Ya ing mumunang matuling a South African a lukluk king pwestung ita, ampo ing mumunang miyalal king pangkabilugan a alalan a ganap a manalal pekakatawan. Tinutuk ya ing kayang kapamahalan king pamangalag king pamana ning
apartheid
kapamilata'ning pamanyamasan king makutkut ampong makabalangkas king sistemang rasismu o mababa paglalawe ampong pamanuring kareng e maputi, kakalulwan, ampong e pamipante-pante, ampo ing pamipalaganap king pamikasundu da reng lahi. King pulitika, metung yang nasyonalistang Aprikanu ampong nasyonalistang demokratiku, at migsilbi yang Pamuntuk ning African National Congress]] (ANC) manibat 1991 anggang 1997. King internasyunal a pamiugnayan, i Mandela ing
Pangkabilugang Kalihim (
Secretary General
) ning Pangimut a Alang Papanigan
(
Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
) manibat 1998 anggang 1999.
- Battersby, John (2011). "Mandela: The Authorised Biography". in Anthony Sampson.
Mandela: The Authorised Biography
. London: HarperCollins. pp. 587?610.
ISBN 978-0007437979
.
- Ellis, Stephen (2011). "The Genesis of the ANC's Armed Struggle in South Africa 1948–1961".
Journal of Southern African Studies
37
(4): 657–676.
doi
:
10.1080/03057070.2011.592659
.
- Guiloineau, Jean (2002).
Nelson Mandela: The Early Life of Rolihlahla Mandiba
. Berkeley:
North Atlantic Books
, 9?26.
ISBN 1-55643-417-0
.
- Herbst, Jeffrey (2003). "The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics". in Theodore K. Rabb, Ezra N. Suleiman.
The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics
. London: Routledge. pp. 206?224.
ISBN 978-0415933810
.
- Mafela, Munzhedzi James (2008).
"Indigenous Biography and Autobiography"
. in Anna Haebich, Frances Peters-Little, Peter Read.
Indigenous Biography and Autobiography
. Sydney: Humanities Research Centre,
Australian National University
.
http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/indigenous_biog/mobile_devices/ch08.html#d0e6318
.
- Houston, Gregory; Muthien, Yvonne (2000). "Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994?1999". in Yvonne Muthien, Meshack Khosa and Bernard Magubane.
Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994?1999
. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 37?68.
ISBN 978-0796919700
.
- Kalumba, Kibujjo M. (1995). "The Political Philosophy of Nelson Mandela: A Primer".
Journal of Social Philosophy
26
(3): 161?171.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1467-9833.1995.tb00092.x
.
- Mandela, Nelson (1994).
Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918?1962
. Little, Brown and Company.
ISBN 978-0754087236
.
- Mandela, Nelson [1994] (2004).
Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962?1994
(large print edition)
. London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd.
ISBN 978-0754087243
.
- Muthien, Yvonne; Khosa, Meshack; Magubane, Bernard (2000). "Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994?1999". in Yvonne Muthien, Meshack Khosa and Bernard Magubane.
Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994?1999
. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 361?374.
ISBN 978-0796919700
.
- Meredith, Martin
(2010).
Mandela: A Biography
. New York: PublicAffairs.
ISBN 978-1586488321
.
- Sampson, Anthony
[1999] (2011).
Mandela: The Authorised Biography
. London: HarperCollins.
ISBN 978-0007437979
.
- Smith, David James
(2010).
Young Mandela
. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN 978-0297855248
.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"|Minuna kaya
F. W. de Klerk
as
State President of South Africa
|width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|
Pamuntuk ning Mauling Aprika
1994?1999
|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Menalili kaya
Thabo Mbeki
|-
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #FFBF00;" | Party political offices
|- style="text-align:center;"
|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"|Minuna kaya
Oliver Tambo
|width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|
President of the African National Congress
1991?1997
|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Menalili kaya
Thabo Mbeki
|-
|-
|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Elilan neng
{{{after}}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"|Minuna kaya
Andres Pastrana Arango
|width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|
Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
1998?1999
|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Menalili kaya
Thabo Mbeki
|-
|}