???????? ??????? (1958)

????????????? ???? ??????????????

1958 ??????? ?????????? ???????? (??? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ) ???? ? ????????? ???????, ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????????, ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? , ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??? ???????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????

??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ???? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1945 ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? [1] [2] ? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ???????????????? [3] ? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? (?????????????) ? ???????? (??????????????) ??????????, ?????? ?? ????? ???-? ? ????-? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? , ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? [4] ? 1956 ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ???-? ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????, ?? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? [5] ?

???????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? 1957 ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? [6] [5] ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? 7-??, ??? ?? ?????????? ? ????? 9-??? ????? ?. ???????? ????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? , ???? ?????? ??? ???-? ???????????????? ? ?????? ??????? 11 000 ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????????? [7] ? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????, ???-? 1957-?? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? [8] :

????????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1923 ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????????? [9] ? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? 1943 ??????? ????????? 22-??, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? [10] ? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ???????????, ????????????? ??????? ?????, ?????, ? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ??, ?? ≪???????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????≫? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????, ???????????? ?????????? , ?????? ? ??? ??????????????, ????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???? ?????????? [11] :

????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? 1952 ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ? ????? ≪?????? ???????? ?????????????????≫, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ≪??? ?????≫ [12] ? 1957 ???????? ? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??, ??? ≪????? ??????????????≫ ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????????, ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???-?? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???-? ??????? ???????? ??? 12,7 ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? (??? ????? ? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????) ??????????? ?????????, ????? ≪??????????? ??????????????≫ ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? [13] :

?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???, ?? ??????? ≪???? ? ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???????≫? ???????????????, ??????????????, ????? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???-? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ????-? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???, ?? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ???? ? ??????? ????????? [14] ?

1958 ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? [15] ?

???????????? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1958 ??????? ???????? 1-?? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? (???) [16] [17] ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? 25-?? ????????? ??? ? ????????, ?? ???-? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? [17] : ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??, ?? ≪?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ≪???-? ??????≫ ????????? ? ????≫, ? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? [18] :

?????????? ?????????????? ???? ? ??? 1958 ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? 1958 ??????? ?????????? 24-??, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????????? [18] [19] [20] : ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??, ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????????, ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????????????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? , ???????? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ≪????? ????, ??? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ???? ???????????≫ [21] : ???-? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? [22] ?

?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???, ??? ???????? ?????? ? ???-? ? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ? ??????????????????, ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? [23] : ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???-?? [15] ? ???????????? ??????? ???, ?? ≪??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????????????, ??? ???? ?????????≫ [24] ? ?????? ????????????? ? ???? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? 8-?? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ≪?? ????????≫-? ???????? ?? ? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? , ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? [25] ? ≪???? ???? ??????≫ 1958 ??????? ?????? 10-? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ? ???????? [26] ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???, ??? ??????????? ???? ?, ?? ?????? ≪?????????? ? ??? ????????????? ????????≫ [27] :

???-? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ? ????????, ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????????????? ??? ???, ? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ???-? ????????????? ???????? (??? ??) 1958 ??????? ?????? 22-?? ? ?????????? ???-?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? [28] ? 1958 ??????? ??????? 11-?? ??? ??-? ?????? ? ????????, ???? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ≪?????????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????≫? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ≪???? ?????? ???????? ?????≫ ? ???? ??????, ???????? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ???????????, ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? [29] ?

≪?????????? ?????≫ ?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??

??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ≪?????????? ?????≫ ?????????????? 1958 ??????? ??????? 15-??, ??? ???-? ?????????? ?, ?? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????, ????, ?? ????????, ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????????, ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????

≪?????????? ?????≫ ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ??. ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????; ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????? (SPECCOMME, ??? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????) ??????????? ??????????; ???????? ????????? USS ????????, USS ????? ? USS ????? ????????????, USS ?? ???? ? USS ?????? ? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ≪??????≫ ?? ≪???????≫ ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ≪?? ?????≫, ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?. ???????, ??????? ?? ????????-?????-??? ???????? [30] ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? 2-?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? (???????? ????? 62) ? 201 ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? [31] ? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ? 215-58 ???????? ????? ? ??? ???????? ????

???????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????

????????????? ????????? ? ????? ??? 14 ????? ????, ??? ????? ? ???-? ?????? 8509 ??????????, 1-?? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????, 24-?? ?????????? ????????? 187-?? ?????????? ???? ? ???-? ??????? ??????? ???????? 5670 ??? ?? ?????? (2-?? ??????????? ??????? ??????, 1/8 ? 2/2 ????????????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?.?????? ???????????????? ?????)? 8-?? ??????? ??????? 2-?? ?????????? ??????? 16-?? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? 54-????? ?????? ??????? ???? [32] ? ????? ??????? ? 70 ??????? ? 40 000 ???????????? ???????? ????????? [33] ? 1958 ??????? ??????? 16-?? ??????? ????? ?.???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????? ????????? ≪???????≫ ????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???? [34] ? ???-? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? 1958 ??????? ?????????? 25-???

???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????, ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? 22-? ???? ??????????? ??????

???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ???????? 1958 ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????

??? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ McCullough, David (1992). Truman . New York: Simon & Schuster. ????  547-549 .
  2. ↑ ≪Milestones: 1945?1952≫ . Office of the Historian . ??????? ? 2020 ?? ????????? 25-?? .
  3. ↑ ≪What was the Cold War?≫ . CBBC Newsround (?????????? ????????). 2019 ?? ?????? 23 . ??????? ? 2020 ?? ????????? 25-?? .
  4. ↑ Citino, Nathan J. (2019 ?? ??????? 3). ≪The Middle East and the Cold War≫ . Cold War History . 19 (3): 441?456. doi : 10.1080/14682745.2019.1576677 . ISSN   1468-2745 .
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 ≪The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957≫ . United States Department of State (????????). 2007 ?? ?????? 2 . ??????? ? 2020 ?? ????????? 25-?? .   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  6. ↑ Hahn, 2006 , ?? 38
  7. ↑ Hahn, 2006 , ???? 40–41
  8. ↑ Hahn, 2006 , ???? 42–43
  9. ↑ French Mandate, 1923 , ?? 1
  10. ↑ Traboulsi, 2012 , ?? 108
  11. ↑ Faruki, 1974 , ?? 28
  12. ↑ Little, 1996 , ?? 31
  13. ↑ Little, 1996 , ???? 34–35
  14. ↑ Little, 1996 , ???? 35–37
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Tucker, 2020 , ?? 276
  16. ↑ Cotran, 1959 , ?? 347
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Hahn, 2006 , ?? 44
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Little, 1996 , ?? 37
  19. ↑ Kona Nayudu, Swapna (2018 ?? ?????? 3). ≪ 'In the very eye of the storm': India, the UN, and the Lebanon crisis of 1958≫ . Cold War History (????????). 18 (2): 221?237. doi : 10.1080/14682745.2018.1445997 . ISSN   1468-2745 .
  20. ↑ Hasou, Tawfig Y. (2019 ?? ???????? 22). Struggle For The Arab World (????????). Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-84877-6 .
  21. ↑ Little, 1996 , ?? 38
  22. ↑ Little, 1996 , ???? 38–39
  23. ↑ Rowayheb, 2011 , ???? 416–417
  24. ↑ Rowayheb, 2011 , ?? 416
  25. ↑ Little, 1996 , ?? 39
  26. ↑ Brewer, Sam Pope (1958 ?? ???????? 1). ≪LEBANON ELECTS A NEW PRESIDENT;; CHEHAB IS CHOSEN Parliament's 2d Vote Is 48-7 for General -- Premier Absent CHEHAB ELECTED IN LEBANON VOTE (Published 1958)≫ . The New York Times (????????? ????????). ISSN   0362-4331 . ??????? ? 2020 ?? ????????? 23-?? .
  27. ↑ Little, 1996 , ???? 39–40
  28. ↑ Kona Nayudu, Swapna (2018 ?? ?????? 3). ≪ 'In the very eye of the storm': India, the UN, and the Lebanon crisis of 1958≫ . Cold War History (????????). 18 (2): 221?237. doi : 10.1080/14682745.2018.1445997 . ISSN   1468-2745 .
  29. ↑ Kona Nayudu, Swapna (2018 ?? ?????? 3). ≪ 'In the very eye of the storm': India, the UN, and the Lebanon crisis of 1958≫ . Cold War History (????????). 18 (2): 221?237. doi : 10.1080/14682745.2018.1445997 . ISSN   1468-2745 .
  30. ↑ Thomas A. Bryson, Tars, Turks, and Tankers: The Role of the United States Navy in the Middle East , Scarecrow Press, Inc.: Metuchen (NJ) and London, 1980, 128.
  31. ↑ Scott Jackman, Political Success in War: A Criterion for Success , DTIC.
  32. ↑ For more on the naval and Marine Corps forces involved, see Bryson, 1980, 126?140.
  33. ↑ ≪Amphibious Warfare History≫ . GlobalSecurity.org . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ????? 22-?? .
  34. ↑ Bryson, 1980, 131.

??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ? ????????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  • Alin, Erika G. The United States and the 1958 Lebanon Crisis, American Intervention in the Middle East , 1994.
  • Brands, H.W. Into the Labyrinth: The United States and the Middle East, 1945-1993 (1994) excerpt pp 72?80.
  • Gendzier, Irene L. Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East 1945?1958 , 1997
  • Korbani, Agnes G. U.S. Intervention in Lebanon, 1958?1982: presidential decisionmaking , 1991.
  • Schulimson, Jack. Marines in Lebanon 1958 , Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, Department of the Navy, United States Marine Corps, 1966, 60 p.
  • Wright, Quincy. "United States intervention in the Lebanon." American Journal of International Law 53.1 (1959): 112-125.
  • Yaqub, Salim. Containing Arab Nationalism, The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East , 2003.
  • The Lebanon Operation . Contingency Operations. United States Army Center of Military History . Historical Manuscript Collection 2?3.7 AC.F Tab D. ?????????? ?????????? 2010 ?? ??????? 12-?? . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ??????? 2-?? .

??? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  • Pierrick el Gammal, Politique interieure et politique exterieure au Liban de 1958 a 1961 de Camille Chamoun a Fouad Chehab , Sorbonne University (Paris), 1991. (French)
  • Nawaf Salam , L’insurrection de 1958 au Liban , Sorbonne University (Paris), 1979. (French)

??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  • Mohammed Shafi Agwani, ed. The Lebanese Crisis, 1958: A Documentary Study , 1965.

??????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ? ≪ https://hy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????????_???????_(1958)&oldid=9731910 ≫ ????