???????

??????? ?????? ???
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Beijing

???? : 北京
Direct-controlled municipality
Municipality of Beijing · 北京市
Clockwise from top: Tiananmen, Temple of Heaven, Beijing's CBD, and Beijing National Stadium
Location of the Municipality of Beijing within China
Location of the Municipality of Beijing within China
Country   China
Settled c. 473 BC
Divisions [?]
 - County-level
 - Township-level
16 districts, 2 counties
289 towns and villages
?????
 ? ?????? Municipality
 ?  CPC Ctte Secretary Liu Qi
 ?  Mayor Guo Jinlong
???????
 ? Municipality ??,???.?? km 2 (??????? sq mi)
?????
??.? m (???.? ft)
?????
  (2010) [?] [?]
 ? Ranks in China
Population: ??th ;
Density: ?th
??? Beijinger
Major ethnic groups
 ?  Han 96%
 ?  Manchu 2%
 ?  Hui 2%
 ?  Mongol 0.3%
??? ??????? UTC+8 ( China Standard Time )
Postal code
1000 00 - 1026 29
??????? ??????? ???? 10
GDP 2009 estimate
 - Total US$ 173.7 billion (nominal)
US$283.92 billion (PPP) ( 10th )
 - Per capita US$ 10,070 (nominal)
US$17,063 (PPP) ( 2nd )
HDI (2008) 0.891 ( 2nd ) ? high
License plate prefixes 京A, C, E, F, H, J, K, L, M, N, P
京B (taxis)
京G, Y (outside urban area)
京O (police and authorities)
京V (in red color) (military headquarters,
central government)
City tree s Chinese arborvitae ( Platycladus orientalis )
  Pagoda tree ( Sophora japonica )
City flower s China rose ( Rosa chinensis )
  Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium )
??????? www.beijing.gov.cn
???????
Script error: No such module "Infobox multi-lingual name".

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??????? ? 16 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??. [?] ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??. ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??. ??????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ??????, ????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??, [?] ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??. [?] [?] [?] ? ????? 2008 ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????. [??] ???????????????? ?????????? ? '??????? ??????? ????????? ??' [??] ????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??; ?????????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???. [??] ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??. [??] ???? ????? ??? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??. [??]

???? [ ?????? ??? ]

'???????' ?? ???? '?????? ???????' ???, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? , ??? ????? '?????? ???????'; ????? , ????? ??? ???? ??? , ??????? ???? , ??????? , ?????? ???? '?????? ???????'; ?? ?????? ????? , ????? ??? ???????????? ( 京 城 ; ??????? ????? ), ??????, ?????? ???? '???????' ???.

?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??, ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? [k?] ?? [t?] [??] ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ( [t?] ? ????????? j ????? ???????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ?????????? j ). ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??. ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ??.

?????? '??????' ? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??, ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? 16?? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???, ?????? '???????' ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??. [??]

? ?????? ??? ??? ???: ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ????????? ???????, ???? ??????? ( 中都 ) ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ' ???? ( 大 都 ) ????? [??] ??? ??????? ???? ????? [??] ??????? ???? ( ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? [?] ????? ?? ???????). ?????? ????????? ?? ???, ????? ??????? (??????) ?? ?????????? (???????) ( 北 平 ??????  : ??????? ; ???-?????? , ???-????) ???????? ??????; ??????? ????? '?????? ?????'. ? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? 1928 ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????? (??????) ???????? ??????. [?] ???? ???????, ????? ??? '???????' ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ( ???? ???? ?????? , Chinese : 京 ) ? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????. ? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? (???????) ?? ??????? (??????) ??? ?????????. ? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (??????) ??? ?????, ??? ??? 1949???, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???: ??????? ???. [?]

??????? ( 燕 京 ; ?????? : ???????; ???-?????? , ???-????) ? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??. ? ??? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??, ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????? ???.

?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??.

?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????????

??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? 230,000 ?? 250,000 ????? ???? ??. ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? 27000 ????? ?????? ????? ???. [??] ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??? (473-221 ????) ?? ??????????? ??, Ji (?/?) ? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????. [??]

????? ??? ???, ????? , ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????. ????? ??? ????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???. ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????? , ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??, ????? ???????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 755 ??? ??? ??? ???.

??????? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

??? ????????? ??????? 13 ???????, ??? 57.8 ???? (189 ???) ?? ?????, 1120 ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????

936???, ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? (936-947) ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ????; ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????. 938???, ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ('??????? ???????') ??????. 1125???, ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? 1153??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ?????? (中都) ??? ??????, '??????? ???????'. ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????. ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? , ???? ??????? ??.

????? ????? ???????? 1215 ??? ??????? ???? ????????, ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??. [??] ?????? 1264???, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, [??] ??? 1272???, ???? ???? (大都, '???? ???????' ???? ?????? ) [??] ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????,, ? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??????? 1293??? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ? ?? ??? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ?????? (土城, ??????? ????, '?????? ??????' ????? ?????? ??. [??]

???? ??? ?????? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? '??????' (???????) ??? '????????' (????????) ?? ???? ???? ??? ??, 1682??? ???????? ??.

1368???, ?? ?????????, ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??. ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???, ??? ?? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????. [??] ?? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? (北平) ??? ?????? ????, [??] ??? ?????? (順天) ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????. [??] 1403???, ??? (??? ??????) ???? ??????- ????? ??????? - ?????? ???: ??? '???????' ??????, [??] ??? ????? (?? ?????) ????????? ????????? ???? ??-??????? ????????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ???? ?? 15 ????? (1406-1420) ???? ????? ??????. [??] ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. 1421 ???, ???????, ??????? (京?), [??] ????? ?? ??????? ????, ???? ??????????? '????????' ??????? ???, ?????? ????????? '???' ?????????? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ?????????? ? ????? (????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????) ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????.

??????? ??????? ?????? ????

15?? ??? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???, ??? ????-??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. [??] ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? 1425?? 1650 ??? 1710?? 1825 ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????. [??] ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? (1420 ???? ??????? ????) ?? ?????? ??? ??. [??] ??????????? , ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??, ?? 1420 ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????. ??????????? ???????? 1651??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? 1958 ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. [??] ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? 1652??? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (1552-1610) ????? ???; ?????? ??????? (南堂, ??????? ????) ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????. [??]

?????? 40 ???? ????, ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? 1644??? ??? ???, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????.

???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???. [??] ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????????, ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?????. ? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? (1600 ?? ??????) ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??.

????????? 20?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????

???? ????? ????? ???????, 1860??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????. ???????? ???????? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. 1900???, ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. [??] ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??.

????????? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

1911?? ???????? ????????? , ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ???, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???, ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1915 ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????. [??] ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? (? ????-????? ????? , ????? ????-????????? ????? , ??? ????? ????-????????? ????? ). ?????????????? (??????) ?????? ???????? ????? ???, ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????, 1928??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???, ??? ?? ????? 28 ???? ????????? ???: ??? ??????? ( ??????? ) ??????? ??????, [??] ??????????? ???? '?????? ?????' ???? '????? ?????????' ???. [?] ???? ????-??????? ????? ???????, [?] ??????? 29 ????? 1937 ? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? [??] ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????; [??] ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????. [??]

?????? ???????? [ ?????? ??? ]

31 ????????? 1949?, ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???????. ?? ? ????? 1 ???????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? , ??? ???????? ??????? ????, ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. [??] ?????? ? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????.

?????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ??-?????? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? 2 ?? ???? ??? ??. ??????? ?????? ??????? 2 ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ??? 1982 ????? ??????? ???? 1981??? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???. [??]

???? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???. ???????? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????, ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??, ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??. [??] 2005 ?? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??, ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????. [??] ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??, [??] ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??. [??] ??????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ???? ???????????, ???? ????? ???????? , ???????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ????????????. [??]

13 ????? 2001?, [??] ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? 2008?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.

????? ??? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????? ???: Geography of Beijing
????? ?????, ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????

??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??. ?????, ?????-??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??. ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??, ???? ????? 2303 ???? ??. ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??.

??????? ??????? ??????

????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??, ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ??????? (????? 2 ???? ??? ???) ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??. ??????????? (??? ?? ?????? ???) ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????, ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??. ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??, ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??. ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??, ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??.

?????? ?????? ??????-???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ( ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ), ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????, ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??. [??] ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) ??? ?? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????? ???? 30.8 °C (87 °F) ??. ??????? ????? 580 mm (22.8 in) ?? ????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??. ???????? ?????? 42 °C (108 °F) ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?27 °C (?17 °F) ????????? ?????? ???. [??]

?????? ?????? Beijing (normals 1971?2000, extremes 1951?present)
????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????
?????? ???????? °C (°F) 14.3
(57.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		29.5
(85.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		41.1
(106.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		41.9
(107.4) 		38.3
(100.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		41.9
(107.4)
?????? ?????? °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		26.0
(78.8) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.9
(87.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		17.9
(64.1)
?????? ??????? °C (°F) ?8.4
(16.9) 		?5.6
(21.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		14.8
(58.6) 		7.9
(46.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		?5.8
(21.6) 		7.2
(45.0)
???????? ??????? °C (°F) ?22.8
(?9.0) 		?27.4
(?17.3) 		?15
(5) 		?3.2
(26.2) 		2.5
(36.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		?3.5
(25.7) 		?12.3
(9.9) 		?18.3
(?0.9) 		?27.4
(?17.3)
?????? precipitation ???? (???) 2.7
(0.11) 		4.9
(0.19) 		8.3
(0.33) 		21.2
(0.83) 		34.2
(1.35) 		78.1
(3.07) 		185.2
(7.29) 		159.7
(6.29) 		45.5
(1.79) 		21.8
(0.86) 		7.4
(0.29) 		2.8
(0.11) 		571.8
(22.51)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.8 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.8 9.7 13.6 12.0 7.6 5.0 3.5 1.7 70.6
Average relative humidity (%) 44 44 46 46 53 61 75 77 68 61 57 49 57
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? 194.1 194.7 231.8 251.9 283.4 261.4 212.4 220.9 232.1 222.1 185.3 180.7 ?,???.?
Percent possible sunshine 65 65 63 64 64 59 47 52 63 64 62 62 60
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 2 1 5
???????: China Meteorological Administration [??] , China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System [??] , all-time record high [??] , May record high [??] and Weather Atlas [??]


????? ???????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? 2006??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??. ???????? ??????, PM 2.5 ?? 34 % ??? ??? ?????? 35-60 % ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??. ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? '????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??.' [??]

???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? 2005??? ??????? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??

2008 ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? 17 ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????, ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????, [??] ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??. [??] ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??-??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, [??] ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? 21 ????????? 2008 ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? [??] ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??. [??] [??] ??????? ???????? ????, ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ???.

??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? 4 ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. [??] 357000 '??? ????' ????? - ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? - ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????. [??] ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???. [??]

??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????-????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????. [??]

???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? (???????) ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? 17 ?????? [ ???????? ????? ] ????? ??????? ???. ???????? 3800 ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??. ??????? ???????? 20 % ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???. [??] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????.

??????? 2008?? ?? ???? ???, ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??. ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ? ????? ???? ???, ?????, ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. [??] [??]

????? ???????? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??; ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??. [??] 2006?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ???????? ????? ???. [??] ?????? 2002???, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 50,000 ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???. [??]

?????? ?????? ????? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????? ????????? ?????-?????????, ????????, ???????? ???????????? ????? ??
??????? ????????? ???????? ?????
??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????
???????, ???????? ????????? ?????, ? ?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??
??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????

????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? (???? ???) :

?????? ???????

??????????
? ?? ???: List of administrative divisions of Beijing

??????? ???????????? 18 ?????? ?? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (???? ?????? ??????) ?? ????? ??? ??. ?????? 16 ??????? ?? ??? 2 ??????? ??. ?????? ????? ??? ??-???? ???????? ??? (8) ?????????? ??????? ???? ??: [?]

?????????? ? ???????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??:

???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??: [??]

????
??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? (?? ???????? ???) :

????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ??; ???? ???? '??????' ??? ??, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ( 村 ) ??? ??, ???? ???? '???' ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???.

????????? 18 ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? 273 ????? (?????) ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? : 119 ???? , 24 ??????? , 5 ????? ???????? ??? 125 ??-??????? .

???????? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

??????? ?????? ????

???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??. ?????, ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? (??? ?? ?????? ???) ?????? ?????? ?????? ??, ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???, ??????? ???? , ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? . ???? ????? ?????? '????-???' ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???, ?? 1950 ??? 1970 ?? ????? ???????? ???, ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. [??] ?????, ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? - ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??.

21?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??, ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??. ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? 798 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??, ?? 1950?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??.

??????? ??? ????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????? ???: Politics of Beijing

????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? (??????) ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ?? ??????, ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??. ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (北京市委??) ?????? ??????? ??? ??. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??. ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? , ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ?????????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??. ????????, ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??. [??]

????????? [ ?????? ??? ]

??????? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ???????
???????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??, ???? 100,000 ????????? ????? ??? ?? (????? 2008).
??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??

??????? ???? ???????? 73.2 % ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??; ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??. [??] ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??. [??] 2007?? ??? ???????, ?????????? 751 ??????? ?????? ??? ?? 128.6 ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? 11.6 % ?????? ??. ?? ????????? ???????? 13.8 % ???? ?? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??. [??] ??????? 26 ????????? ?????? 500 ????????? ?? ??, ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??. [??]

2009???, ?????????? ???????? ?????? 1.19 %. ???????? ?????? (174 ?????? ???? ????) ???, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? 10.1 % ?? ?????? ??. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 68,788 ?????? (10070 ???? ????) ??, ???????? ???? ????? 6.2 % ????? ??. 2009 ???, ????????? ????????, ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? 11.83 ?????? ??????, 274.31 ?????? ??????, 900.45 ?????? ?????? ???. ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? 26,738 ???? ???, ?? ???? ???? ????? 8.1 % ?? ???????? ?????? ???. ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 11,986 ?????? ???, 11.5 % ?? ???????? ?????? ???. [??] 20 % ????? ?? ????????? ??? 16.7 % ?? ???, 20 % ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? 11.4 ??????? ??? ?????. ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? 2005??? 31.8 % ? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? 32.8 % ? ????????, 2000 ?? ????? ???????? 4.5 ??????? ??? ??? 3.9 ??????? ??? ????? ????.

????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ? ??. 2005 ???, ??? 175.88 ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 28.032 ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???. ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? 2004 ??? 2,146000 ???, ??????? 1,540,000 ? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? (??????? ????? 18.7 % ?? ?????). [??]

??????? ?????? , ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??, ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ??? ????-?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??. ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??. ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??. ??????????? ? '????? ??????? ????' ?? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ? ????, ??????? , ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????????????????, ??.??. ??? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ??????. [??] ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??, ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??. [??]

????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??. [??] ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??, ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??. [??] ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??.

??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??. ? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? , ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??. ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? '?????-???' ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??. ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??. ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????? , ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????, ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??. [??]

?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? : ??????????? ?????? ????? , ????? ???????? ?????????? ???, ??????? ????????-??????????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???.

? ?? ???: List of economic and technological development zones in Beijing

?????-????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???????????? ?????????

??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? (?????? ?????) ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??. ????????? 2010 ???????, ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? 22 ???????? ??? ??, ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??. [?] [?] ??????, ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ( ??? ???? ) ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??. [??]

2006???, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? 13.33 ?????? ???, ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? 84.3 ??????? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? 15.81 ?????? ???? ???. [?] ?? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? 18.54 ????????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??. [??]

?????????? [??] ??? ??? ?????? [??] ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??. ?????????, ?? ????-????????? ????????? (直?市, ?????????  : ??????????) ? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ??.

????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? , ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??. [??] ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??, ???? ??? ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??. [??] ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??, ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??. ??? ????????????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ??????? , ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (2009 ??? ?????? 200000) ?? ???? ??? ????? ??, [??] ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??. ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??. [??] [??]

?????????? ????? ?????, 2000 ???? ?????
??? ???? ???????
??? 12,983,696 95.69%
????? 250,286 1.84%
??? 235,837 1.74%
?????? 37,464 0.28%
???????? ????? 20,369 0.15%
?????? 8372 0.062%
????? 7322 0.054%
???? 5291 0.039%
????? 3129 0.023%
???????? 2920 0.022%

?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??. [??]

???????? [ ?????? ??? ]

? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ??????
???? ??????? ???????
??????? ???????? ?? ?????
?????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???

???? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??. ??????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?????? , ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ??. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??, ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??.

??????? ????? , ???? ?????? ????? ( ??????? , 京?), ? ???????? ??? ???????? ??. ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??, ??????? ????? ? ???, ?????? ????, ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ????, ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??. ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??. [??]

???????? ???? ???????? ( 胡同 ), ???? ??????, ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??. ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? - ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??, ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??.

?? ???? ?????????? ??????????; ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??, ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??. [??] ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??, ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???. ?? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???. [??] ???????, ?? ??, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??, ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ??. [??] ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? 2008 ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??. [??]

???????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??. ?????? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??. ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??; ?? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??. ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ( ???? ) ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ( ?????? ????? (??????) ????? , ???? '???????'), ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??. ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??. ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??.

????????? (???? ?????????? , ??????? ???? '???? ?? ??????? ') ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??, ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??. [??] ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????, ????? : ??? ???????, ?????????? ???????, ?????????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??, ???? ???? ??? ??. [??] [??] ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??, ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? '????????? ???' ??? 'AlHiOiEC ????' ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??.

????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???. [??]

?????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????:Cquote2

?????????? ???????? ?????

????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??, ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???, [??] ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??. ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???, ??????????? ????? , ??????? , ?????????? , ??????? ??? ??????? . ? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ????? [??] ???????? ????? ?????? ??, ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??; ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??. ?????????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??, ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????, ?????????? , ????? ??? ?? ? ???? , ????? ??????? ?? ????? , ?????? ??????? ?????? , ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? . ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??; ??? ?????, ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??, ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??, ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??.

?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ( ???????? ) ??, ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??, ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??, [???] ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??; ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ( ????? ), ??? ?????? ?? ?? ( ???? ) ??? ?????? ?? ??? ( ????? ) ???? ??, ???? ?????: ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? , ????? ????? , ????????? ????? , ?????? ????? ????? , ??????? ????? , ?????? ????? , ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? , ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??. ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? 1605??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??.

1900?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????

??????? ??? ??-???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? , ?? 1100-1120 ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1576??? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??, ????? 12?? ????? ????? ??? , 17?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? 18?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??. ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??. ???????????? ????? ( ??????????? ) ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??. ??????? ???????? ??? ???? 6000 ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??, ????? ????? ???????? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??. ?????????? ????? , ??????? ????? , ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??. ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??.

??????? ???? ???????? (?????????? ???) ??? ?????? (?????? ???) ? ???? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??, ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??. ???? ???? ????? ??-???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? . ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??, [???] [???] ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? , ?????? ???????? , ??????? ???? ???????? , ???????? ?? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? , ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? , ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??. [???]

????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? , ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??, ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ' ???????? ??????? ?? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ' ??????? ????????? ?????? ??. [???] ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??, [???] ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??? ??. ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? [???] ?? ?? ???????????? ????? ??, ???? ??? ??????? ???????? , ?????????? , ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??.

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???????? ??? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

? ?? ???: Beijing Radio Stations

??????? ???????? (??????) ???? 1 ?? 10 ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? : ???? 88.7 ?? ??? ???? , ???? 91.5 ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? (??????), ??? ??? 774 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 774 . ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??; ???? ??????? 97.4 ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ???, ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ??.

???????? ????????

????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ( ??????? ?????? , 北京??), ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??, ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??.. ???? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ( ????? ???? ??? , 新京?), ??????? ????? ????? , ??????? ???????? ????? , ??? ??????? ??? ????? ( ??????? ?????????? ??? ), ??? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????) ?? ?????? ??? ??. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? (????????) ? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??. ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??.

???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? , ???? ??????? , ??????? ??? ???? , ??????? ??? , ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??.

????????????? ?????, ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??.

??? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

??????? ? 2008 ??? ??????? ??? 2008 ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????????? 3,50,000 ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????, [???] ?? 28 ??? 2008??? ?????? ????. [???] ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???-??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? :

?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???, ?? 2005 ??? ?????, ??????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????.

?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????? ???: Transportation in Beijing

?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??, ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ??.

??????? ?????? ??????

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??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??. ????????? ?????? , ?????????? , ?????? , ?????? , ????????????? , ?????? , ???????? , ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??. 1?? ??, 2009 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? 177 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? 220 ?????? ??? ??? ??. ? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? 2008??? ???: ???????, ??? ???????- ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??, ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??. ????????????? ?????? ????????? , ???????? , ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ??.

????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? : ??????? ????? , ??????? ????? , ???????? , ??? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??, ?? ??-????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??.

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??? : ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? , ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? .
?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? 1 ?? ??????? ??

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?????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ' ???? ??? ' Chinese : ?路 ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??. ? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???. ? ?? ???? ??? ? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??. ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? - ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??. ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??.

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???? ????? [ ?????? ??? ]

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????????? ???? 1971??? ??????, ??? 2002??? ???? 13?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ? ????? ???. ?? ?????, ???? 6 ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????, 9 ???????? ??????? ???. ???? 1 ??? ?????? ???? , ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ??? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??. ???? 4 ??? 5 ? ?? ?????-?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??. ????????? ????????? ???? ???? 2 ???? ???? ??? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???, ???? ????? 25 ???? ????? ???? ??? ??. ?????????? ???? 700 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??. [???] ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??. 2010 ?????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? 2020 ??????? 21 ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??. ?????????? 30 ???? ???????? ??? 450 ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??, ?? ??????? 1050 ???????? ? ????????? ??. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? 10 ?? 1? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????. [???]

????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??, ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??. 30 ??? 2008 ???????, ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? 3 ??.??. ???? 10 ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? 2.00 ????????? ??, ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???. ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????? , ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??. 15 ??.??. ???, ???????? ???? 50 % ??? ??, (????? ????? 15 ??.??.?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??????? ??? ??, ???? ??????? ????? 15 ??.??. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???). ?????? 11 ??? ?????? 5 ????, ? ????? 20 % ????????? ??? ??, ?? 11 ???????? ??? ????? ??? 2.4 ?????? ????? ??.??.?? ??? ??? ??. 15 ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? 11 ??? ?????? 6 ????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ??, ???? ??? 80 % ?? ????? (120 % * 150 % = 180 %) ??? ??.

?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

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??????? ? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ??, ????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ( ????? ?? ????????????? ??) ?????? ??? ??. [?] ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ??? 70 ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??. ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????, ????? ???????, ?????, ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??. ???? ???? ????????? ???? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??.

  • ??????? ??????? ????? ( 北京景山?校 )
  • ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ( 北京第一??小? )
  • ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ( 北京第二??小? )
  • ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ( 北京府?小? )
  • ???? ??? ?? ??. 1 ???????? ????? ( 中?村第一小? )
  • ???? ??? ?? ??. 2 ???????? ????? ( 中?村第二小? )
  • ??????? ???????? ????? ( 北京小? )
  • ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ( 中?人民大?附?小? )
  • ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????? ????? ( 北京?范大?附???小? )

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? :

??????????? ??? ????? [ ?????? ??? ]

????? ???: List of universities and colleges in Beijing

????????????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

? ?? ???: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

?????? ???? - ???? ?????? ???? [ ?????? ??? ]

??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? : [???] [???]

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? ?? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

  1. ↑ "Township divisions" . the Official Website of the Beijing Government. ??? ????? 25 ???????? 2018 ?? ???????? . ?????? 22 July 2009 .
  2. ↑ ?.? ?.? "Beijing's population exceeds 22 million" . China Daily . 26 February 2010.
  3. ↑ ?.? ?.? "Beijing's population exceeds 22 million" . National Population and Family Planning Commission of China. 2 March 2010. ??? ????? 7 ????? 2011 ?? ????????. Check date values in: |archive-date= ( ??? )
  4. ↑ ?.? ?.? "Basic Information" . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. ??? ????? 13 ????? 2012 ?? ???????? . ?????? 9 February 2008 .
  5. ↑ ?.? ?.? 2007??? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? 2006 ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? 2006年中?各地?城?、?村人口? 中?人口??展?究中心 ???????? ????-??-?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. 21 ?????? 2009 ? ??????.
  6. ↑ ?.? ?.? ?.? ?.? ?.? ?.? ?.? "Beijing" . The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th edition ???????). 2008. |edition= has extra text ( ??? )
  7. ↑ "Hong Kong and Shanghai as Twin Engines for China's Economic Development, says TDC Executive Director" . Hong Kong Trade Development Council . 18 December 1996. ??? ????? 4 ????? 2016 ?? ???????? . ?????? 3 October 2008 .
  8. ↑ "Hong Kong and Shanghai vie to be China's financial center" . International Herald Tribune. 15 January 2007. ??? ????? 15 ????????? 2007 ?? ???????? . ?????? 3 October 2008 .
  9. ↑ Bradsher, Keith; Barboza, David (16 January 2007). jxRe7RBZnPxsu4jaitdWgw "Hong Kong and Shanghai Duel for Financial Capital" Check |url= value ( ??? ) . New York Times . ?????? 3 October 2008 .
  10. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Beijing" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ?????? 3 August 2008 . Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( ??? )
  11. ↑ "Peking (Beijing)". Encyclopædia Britannica . 25 ( 15 th edition , Macropædia  ???????). ????? 468.
  12. ↑ ??.? ??.? " " Beijing " " . World Book Encyclopedia . 2008. ??? ????? 12 ??? 2012 ?? ???????? . ?????? 7 August 2008 . Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( ??? )
  13. ↑ ??????? ??????. ????. '? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????'. ??????? ????????? ??????? 120 ?? ??? ??. 4 (2000): 537-52.
  14. ↑ 1997 ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
  15. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 7
  16. ↑ ????? ?????????, ????? ???????, ??? ??. ???????, ? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? : ??? 6, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? (????????? : ????????? ??????????? ?????, 1994), ?? 454
  17. ↑ "The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian" .
  18. ↑ "Beijing's History" . China Internet Information Center . ?????? 1 May 2008 .
  19. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? "Beijing - Historical Background" . Cities Guide . The Economist. 2008 . ?????? 1 May 2008 .
  20. ↑ ?????? ???, ??????? ??? ???????? : ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? , ?? 2
  21. ↑ ?????:Zh icon "元大都土城?址公?" . Tuniu.com . ?????? 15 June 2008 .
  22. ↑ ?????, ?????????? ????. ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? . ????????? : ????????? ??????????? ????? 1999. ????????=0-521-66991-X
  23. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? ????? ??????, ?????? : ???????? ???? ???? ????, 1400-1900 , ?? xxxiii
  24. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 23
  25. ↑ "Renewal of Ming Dynasty City Wall" . Beijing This Month . 1 February 2003. ??? ????? 17 ?? 2016 ?? ???????? . ?????? 14 June 2008 .
  26. ↑ Rosenburg, Matt T. "Largest Cities Through History" . About.com . ??? ????? 18 ????? 2016 ?? ???????? . ?????? 22 July 2009 . Check date values in: |archive-date= ( ??? )
  27. ↑ "The Temple of Heaven" . China.org . 13 April 2001 . ?????? 14 June 2008 .
  28. ↑ "Tiananmen Square" . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . 2008.
  29. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 33
  30. ↑ "Beijing - History - The Ming and Qing Dynasties" . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008.
  31. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 119?120
  32. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 133?134
  33. ↑ MacKerras & Yorke 1991 , p. 8
  34. ↑ "Incident on 7 July 1937" . Xinhua News Agency. 27 June 2005 . ?????? 20 June 2008 .
  35. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 166
  36. ↑ Cheung, Andrew (1995). "Slogans, Symbols, and Legitimacy: The Case of Wang Jingwei's Nanjing Regime" . Indiana University. ??? ???????? ????? 23 ??????? 2007 ?? ???????? . ?????? 20 June 2008 . Check date values in: |archive-date= ( ??? )
  37. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 168
  38. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 217
  39. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 255
  40. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 252
  41. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 149
  42. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 249?250
  43. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 255?256
  44. ↑ "Election" . IOC . ?????? 15 June 2008 .
  45. ↑ ??.? ??.? ??.? "Beijing" . People's Daily . 2001 . ?????? 22 June 2008 . Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( ??? )
  46. ↑ "The Climate of Beijing" . Chinats.com. ??? ????? 2011-01-24 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2010-07-22 .
  47. ↑ 中?地面??交?站?候?准?月??据集（1971－2000年） (Chinese???). China Meteorological Administration . ?????? 2010-05-04 . CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  48. ↑ "Beijing" . China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System. December 2013 . ?????? January 1, 2014 .
  49. ↑ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World" . ?????? 2013-02-21 .
  50. ↑ Burt, Christopher C. "UPDATE June 1: Record May Heat Wave in Northeast China, Koreas" . Wunderground . ?????? 2014-06-01 .
  51. ↑ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Beijing, China - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast" . Weather Atlas (???????????) . ?????? 2019-07-09 .
  52. ↑ ????? ??. ?????????, ????? ??. ??, ???? ??. ???????, ?????? ????, ????? ???, ????????? ????, ???????? ?????, ???? ??????, ?????? ???, ??????? ?????, ????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ??????? ???, 2008 ??????? ??????? ????? < http://beijing.usembassy-china.org.cn/evmt.html ???????? ????-??-?? ?? ??? ????? ???? > ??????? ????? ????????, 2008-08-16 ? ?????? ???
  53. ↑ "Beijing petrol stations to close" . BBC News. 15 February 2008 . ?????? 15 February 2008 .
  54. ↑ Yardley, Jim (24 January 2008). "Smoggy Beijing Plans to Cut Traffic by Half for Olympics, Paper Says" . New York Times . ?????? 22 July 2009 .
  55. ↑ "Beijing residents debate road restrictions" . UPI Asia Online. 9 September 2008. ??? ????? 17 ????? 2011 ?? ???????? . ?????? 22 ????? 2010 . Check date values in: |access-date= and |archive-date= ( ??? )
  56. ↑ "New restrictions placed on public sector vehicles" . China Daily. 16 September 2008 . ?????? 22 July 2009 .
  57. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month" . News.xinhuanet.com. 2008-09-28 . ?????? 2010-06-01 .
  58. ↑ Schmitt, Bertel (2008-10-16). "Chinese Numerology: Complicated Car Ban in Beijing" . Chinaautobiz.blogspot.com . ?????? 2010-06-01 .
  59. ↑ "China: Beijing launches Euro 4 standards" . Automotiveworld.com. 2008-01-04 . ?????? 2010-06-01 .
  60. ↑ "Only 'green' vehicles permitted to enter Beijing" . Autonews.gasgoo.com. 2009-05-22. ??? ????? 2009-05-27 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2010-06-01 .
  61. ↑ < http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-fg-china-parade2-2009oct02,0,5892663.story >
  62. ↑ http://0-proquest.umi.com.alpha.stpaul.lib.mn.us:80/pqdweb?did=1533631451&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=24006&RQT=309&VName=PQD , ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????, 8/17/2008, 8/21/2008 ? ?????? ???
  63. ↑ "Beijing keeping air cleaner after Olympics" . ABC News . 9 August 2009.
  64. ↑ "Beijing air 'cleaner' since Games" . BBC News . 9 August 2009.
  65. ↑ "China says it made rain to wash off sand" . MSNBC . 5 May 2006 . ?????? 22 July 2009 .
  66. ↑ "Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm" . BBC News. 17 April 2006 . ?????? 22 July 2009 .
  67. ↑ Weaver, Lisa Rose (4 April 2002). "More than a dust storm in a Chinese teacup" . CNN. ??? ???????? ????? 13 ????????? 2007 ?? ???????? . ?????? 7 February 2008 .
  68. ↑ "Geohive" . ??? ????? 2010-11-19 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2010-07-22 .
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  72. ↑ "Beijing's Bankosphere" . bankosphere.com . 11 August 2008. ??? ????? 12 ????? 2011 ?? ???????? . ?????? 1 October 2008 . Check date values in: |archive-date= ( ??? )
  73. ↑ ?????:Zh icon "北京市金融??展新??布?" . zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn . 27 July 2008. ??? ????? 26 ????? 2009 ?? ???????? . ?????? 1 October 2008 . Check date values in: |archive-date= ( ??? )
  74. ↑ "Global 500 2009: Cities" . Fortune . ?????? 12 April 2010 .
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  76. ↑ "Urban Construction" . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. 2006. ??? ????? 19 ?? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 15 March 2008 .
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  80. ↑ [?] ???????? ????-??-?? ?? ??? ????? ???? & [?] ???????? ????-??-?? ?? ??? ????? ????
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  82. ↑ "Sustainable urban expansion and transportation in a growing megacity: Consequences of urban sprawl for mobility on the urban fringe of Beijing" . Habitat International. 31 October 2009. [ ????? ???? ??? ??? ]
  83. ↑ "Demographic of Chongqing" . Chongqing Municipal Government.
  84. ↑ "Shanghai's permanent population approaches 20 mln" . People's Daily . ??? ????? 2010-11-12 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2010-07-22 .
  85. ↑ "Praying for peace in their hometown, Tibetan students in Beijing speak out" . People's Daily . Xinhua. 24 March 2008. ??? ????? 27 ?? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 22 June 2008 .
  86. ↑ "在?居住??人?百万 北京人?最多?二十万" (Chinese???). Xinhua.com. 2009 . ?????? 1 December 2009 . CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
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  89. ↑ ????, ???????, ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ???????????? ( ?家??局人口和社?科技??司 ) ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ( ?家民族事?委?????展司 ), ???, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?? 2000 ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ( 《2000年人口普?中?民族人口?料》 ). 2 ?????. ??????? : ??????????? ????????? ???? ( 民族出版社 ), 2003. ???????? 80-85905-48-5
  90. ↑ "Jingxi" . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008.
  91. ↑ Shen, Wei (16 February 2004). "Chorography to record rise and fall of Beijing's Hutongs" . China Daily . ?????? 27 June 2008 .
  92. ↑ Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 253
  93. ↑ Gallagher, Sean (6 December 2006). "Beijing's urban makeover: the 'hutong' destruction" . Open Democracy . ??? ????? 25 ?? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 27 June 2008 .
  94. ↑ "Beijing Olympics - City gets an Olympic facelift" . 938 Live . MediaCorp. 7 March 2008. vgnextoid=de751c923a888110VgnVCM1000001f0aa8c0RCRD&mcParam=9d73638896593110VgnVCM100000e101000aRCRD ??? Check |url= value ( ??? ) ????? 1 ????? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 27 June 2008 . Check date values in: |archive-date= ( ??? )
  95. ↑ ??.? ??.? "Cloisonne. Beijing Touree" . ??? ????? 2011-07-07 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2010-07-22 .
  96. ↑ "Beijing - Chinese Cloisonne Enamelware" . ??? ????? 2008-06-11 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2010-07-22 .
  97. ↑ Levin, Dan (15 June 2008). "Beijing Lights Up the Night" . The New York Times . ?????? 15 June 2008 .
  98. ↑ "The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (PDF) . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 29 December 1986 . ?????? 22 July 2009 .
  99. ↑ ????? ????? . ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????
  100. ↑ "Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . ?????? 4 August 2008 .
  101. ↑ "About Beijing" . ??? ????? 2008-09-29 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2010-07-22 .
  102. ↑ ???.? ???.? "Beijing's Museums & Galleries" .
  103. ↑ "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 10 December 2003 . ?????? 2009-07-22 .
  104. ↑ "Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . ?????? 4 August 2008 .
  105. ↑ "The Great Wall" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . ?????? 4 August 2008 .
  106. ↑ Davis 2006 , p. 106
  107. ↑ "Beijing Olympics Bird's Nest ready" . BBC News . 28 June 2008 . ?????? 28 June 2008 .
  108. ↑ "Beijingers spend lives on road as traffic congestion worsens" . China Daily . Xinhua News Agency . 6 October 2003 . ?????? 22 July 2009 .
  109. ↑ "Automobile numbers could be capped" . China Daily . ?????? 13 May 2010 .
  110. ↑ "Beijing city to have five mln cars on roads by year end" . Gasgoo. 12 May 2010. ??? ????? 2 ????????? 2013 ?? ???????? . ?????? 13 May 2010 .
  111. ↑ "Beijing Bus Rapid Transit" . ??? ????? 28 ????????? 2009 ?? ???????? . ?????? 9 January 2009 .
  112. ↑ "30 subway lines to cover Beijing by 2020" . 28 May 2010 . ?????? 30 May 2010 .
  113. ↑ "Sister Cities" . Beijing Municipal Government. ??? ????? 17 ????????? 2010 ?? ???????? . ?????? 23 June 2009 .
  114. ↑ ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? '??????? ?????' ??. "Le jumelage avec Rome" (French???). Municipalite de Paris. ??? ????? 16 ???????? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 9 July 2008 . CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
  115. ↑ "NYC's Sister Cities" . Sister City Program of the City of New York. 2006. ??? ????? 21 ?? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 1 September 2008 .
  116. ↑ "Protocol and International Affairs" . DC Office of the Secretary. ??? ????? 13 ?? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 12 July 2008 .
  117. ↑ "Twin cities of Riga" . Riga City Council . ??? ????? 26 ???????? 2018 ?? ???????? . ?????? 27 July 2009 .
  118. ↑ ????????????. ???????? ????-??-?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? - ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????-??-?? ?? ??? ????? ????
  119. ↑ "International Relations - Sao Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities" . Prefeitura.sp.gov.br . ?????? 2010-06-01 .
  120. ↑ "Canberra's international relationships - Canberra's international relationships" . www.cmd.act.gov.au . ?????? 20 October 2009 .
  121. ↑ "Sister Cities of Manila" . ⓒ 2008-2009 City Government of Manila . ??? ????? 7 ??? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2 July 2009 . External link in |publisher= ( ??? )
  122. ↑ "Twinning Cities: International Relations" (PDF) . Municipality of Tirana . www.tirana.gov.al. ??? (PDF) ????? 16 ????????? 2008 ?? ???????? . ?????? 23 June 2009 .

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