From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
1686
(
MDCLXXXVI
) was a
common year starting on Tuesday
of the
Gregorian calendar
and a
common year starting on Friday
of the
Julian calendar
, the 1686th year of the
Common Era
(CE) and
Anno Domini
(AD) designations, the 686th year of the
2nd millennium
, the 86th year of the
17th century
, and the 7th year of the
1680s
decade. As of the start of 1686, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
[
edit
]
January–March
[
edit
]
- January 3
– In
Madras
(now
Chennai
) in
India
, local residents employed by the
East India Company
threaten to boycott their jobs after corporate administrator
William Gyfford
imposes a house tax on residences within the city walls. Gyfford places security forces at all entrances to the city and threatens to banish anyone who fails to pay their taxes, as well as to confiscate the goods of merchants who refuse to make sales.
[1]
A compromise is reached the next day on the amount of the taxes.
[2]
- January 17
–
King Louis XIV
of
France
reports the success of the
Edict of Fontainebleau
, issued on October 22 against the Protestant
Huguenots
, and reports that after less than three months, the vast majority of the Huguenot population had left the country.
[3]
- January 29
– In
Guatemala
, Spanish Army Captain Melchor Rodriguez Mazariegos leads a campaign to conquer the
indigenous Maya people
in the rain forests of
Lacandona
, departing from
Huehuetenango
to rendezvous with the colonial governor at
San Mateo Ixtatan
.
- January 31
– In the wake of the success of France's campaign against Protestantism,
Victor Amadeus II
, the Duke of Savoy, issues an edict against the
Valdesi
, the Duchy's Protestant minority, setting a 15-day deadline for members of the Valdesi to publicly renounce their beliefs as erroneous, or face banishment or death.
[4]
The February 15 deadline is ignored.
- February 15
– After the Valdesi in the
Duchy of Savoy
decline to obey the edict to convert to Catholicism, Duke Victor Amadeus dispatches a force of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers to enforce the edict.
- February 22
– Sweden's Council of State endorses the reforms proposed by King Charles XI for the
Swedish Church Law 1686
, after having debated it in three sessions on February 18, 19 and 20.
[5]
The law confirms and describes the rights of the Lutheran Church and confirms Sweden as a Lutheran state; all non-Lutherans are banned from immigration unless they convert to Lutheranism; the
Romani people
are to be incorporated to the Lutheran Church; the poor care law is regulated; and all parishes are forced by law to teach the children within them to read and write, in order to learn the scripture, which closely eradicates illiteracy in Sweden.
[6]
- February 27
–
Gabriel Milan
, the controversial Governor of the Danish West Indies since 1684, is removed from office by order of
King Frederick III
and placed under arrest for treason. Three years later, after being found guilty in a trial after being brought back to
Copenhagen
, Milan is beheaded on March 26, 1689.
[7]
- March 3
– A group of 107 French Canadian soldiers, under the command of
Pierre de Troyes
, begins the
Hudson Bay expedition
, departing from
Montreal
on an 800-mile (1,300 km) journey to take control of the properties of British North American settlers of the
Hudson's Bay Company
.
[8]
The group marches for 82 days and arrives at the first Hudson's Bay fort, at
Moose Factory
on June 19.
[9]
April–June
[
edit
]
- April 9
– As the Valdesi rebellion continues, the Duke of Savoy issues a second edict, giving the Protestant Valdesi eight days to lay down their arms and allows safe passage into exile for those who agree.
- April 22
– In the wake of Savoy's newest repression of the Protestant Valdesi,
a third war breaks out
and Protestant pastor
Henri Arnaud
leads the resistance with 3,000 rebel soldiers against 8,500 Savoyard soldiers and mercenaries. The Valdesi are overwhelmed within one month.
- May 4
– The
Municipality
of
Ilagan
is founded in the
Philippines
.
[10]
- May 6
– The
Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686)
is signed between the
Tsardom of Russia
and the
Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth
, recognizing the former's possession of
Left-bank Ukraine
and the city of
Kiev
, as agreed upon in the earlier
Treaty of Andrusovo
in
1667
.
[11]
The treaty also brings the Tsardom of Russia into the
Great Turkish War
, on the side of the
Holy League of 1684
.
[12]
- May 14
–
Joseph Dudley
formally begins his tenure, as President of the Council of the newly formed
Dominion of New England
.
[13]
- May 25
– The third
war against the Protestant Valdesi
ends. Soon afterward, 2,000 of the Valdesi are massacred, 8,500 taken prisoner and about 3,000 surviving civilians forcibly resettled and converted to Catholicism.
- June 20
– French Canadian soldiers on the
Hudson Bay expedition
capture the first of the British
Hudson's Bay Company
outposts, with the surrender the unarmed inhabitants of the fortress at
Moose Factory, Ontario
.
[14]
July–September
[
edit
]
- July 9
– The
Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)
is founded, in response to claims made by
Louis XIV of France
on the
Electorate of the Palatinate
in
western Germany
. It comprises the
Holy Roman Empire
, the
Netherlands
,
Sweden
,
Spain
, the electors of
Bavaria
,
Saxony
and the Electorate of the Palatinate.
[15]
[16]
- July 17
– King
James II of England
appoints four
Roman Catholics
to the
Privy Council of England
,
[17]
in defiance of the
Test Acts
, which bar Catholics from public office. Suspicions about James's intentions lead to a group of conspirators meeting at
Charborough House
in
Dorset
, to plan his overthrow and replacement with the
Protestant
Dutch
Stadtholder
,
William III of Orange-Nassau
(James's son-in-law).
- July 18
–
An army of 3,000 Chinese troops demand Russian surrender
of a Russian Empire fortress at
Albazino
on the
Amur River
. The fortress is manned by only 736 Russian soldiers and militia but is armed with cannons. Over the next several weeks, the Chinese troops are joined by another 3,000 men in supply boats, but the Russians hold off the attacks for the next five months. By December, only 24 Russians remain, and Albazino is ceded to China in 1689.
- July 22
–
Albany, New York
, is granted a city charter by the colonial governor.
[18]
- August 4
– Portuguese soldiers hired by the
East India Company
mutiny rather than follow orders to join the war in Bengal. The ringleaders are quickly arrested and executed, and the mutiny ends.
- August 15
–
Christina
, who had ruled as the monarch of Sweden until her abdication in 1654 in favor of her cousin Charles, responds to the revocation in France of the Edict of Nantz and declares that Jews within Sweden will be under her protection.
- August 16
–
King James VII
of Scotland dismisses the
Parliament of Scotland
after the members refuse to remove restrictions on Roman Catholics and on Protestants outside of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England. The Parliament does not meet again for more than two and a half years.
- August 17
– Spanish troops attack and plunder the Scottish colony of Stuarts Town in the
Province of Carolina
(now
Port Royal, South Carolina
) and plunder the city.
[19]
After three days, the Spaniards begin a march of over 75 miles (121 km) toward the larger port city of
Charles Town
.
- September 2
–
Great Turkish War
:
Battle of Buda
– Imperial forces of the
Holy League of 1684
(
Russia
,
Saxony
,
Brandenburg
and
Bavaria
under
Austrian
leadership) liberate
Buda
(now part of
Budapest
) from
Ottoman Turkish
rule (leading to the end of Ottoman rule in
Hungary
during subsequent years).
[20]
- September 4
– A
hurricane
saves
Charleston, South Carolina
from attack by
Spanish
vessels.
[21]
- September 30
– The Ottoman fortress of Sinj in Dalmatia falls to the army of the Republic of Venice.
[22]
October–December
[
edit
]
- October 17
– As the
Savoyard?Waldensian wars
, draw to a close, the Duke of Savoy announces that the
Protestant Valdisi
defenders will be granted safe passage to Switzerland, and that children taken during the war will be allowed to return to their families.
[23]
By January, a little more than 2,500 Valdisi take the offer.
- October 22
– In the
Great Turkish War
, the
Siege of Pecs
ends when the Ottoman-held city, located across the
Danube River
from the recent liberated
Buda
, surrenders
[24]
to Austrian troops of the
Holy League
, continuing the Austrian assumption of control of Hungary.
[25]
Buda and Pecs are later combined to form the Hungarian city (and now capital) of
Budapest
.
- October 23
–
Szeged
, now the second largest city in
Hungary
, is liberated from Turkish Ottoman rule.
[26]
- October 31
–
Anglurah Agung
, the virtual leader of the island of
Bali
as king of the paramount state of
Gelgel
, is killed in battle fighting Batu Lepang (who also dies in the fighting), ending the unification of the island (now part of Indonesia) and causing Bali to split into several principalities.
- November 26
– The
Treaty of Whitehall
, more formerly the Treaty of Neutrality for America, is signed at the
Palace of Whitehall
in Westminster between representatives of King Louis XIV of France and King James II of England, with both sides pledging that "though the two Countries might be at war in Europe their Colonies in America should continue in peace and Neutrality".
[27]
The treaty is broken less than two years later when
King William's War
breaks out in what is now the U.S. state of
Maine
.
- November 30
–
Melchor Portocarrero, 3rd Count of Monclova
becomes the new
Viceroy of New Spain
(encompassing what is now
Mexico
and much of the southwestern
United States
) as he arrives in Mexico City to take over at the end of the term of
Tomas de la Cerda, 3rd Marquess of la Laguna
.
[28]
- December 20
–
Edmund Andros
arrives in
Boston
to become the British Governor of the newly created
Dominion of New England
, which includes most of the what are now the U.S. states of
Connecticut
,
Maine
,
Massachusetts
,
New Hampshire
,
New Jersey
,
Rhode Island
,
Vermont
and much of the eastern portion of
New York
.
[29]
The unpopular Andros, who reigns as a dictator after being appointed by King James II, is driven out of office in 1689 after the overthrow of James, and the Dominion of New England is broken up into its constituent colonies.
- December 22
–
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
and
Duke of Prussia
, head of the
House of Hohenzollern
, enters into an alliance with the
Holy Roman Empire
.
Date unknown
[
edit
]
Births
[
edit
]
- January 8
–
William Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1703?1723) (d.
1723
)
[34]
- January 12
–
Adam Christian Thebesius
, German anatomist (d.
1732
)
[35]
- January 17
–
Archibald Bower
, Scottish historian (d.
1766
)
[36]
- January 23
–
Moritz Georg Weidmann
, German bookseller (d.
1743
)
[37]
- January 31
–
Hans Egede
, Norwegian Lutheran missionary who launched mission efforts to Greenland (d.
1758
)
[38]
- February 1
–
Suzanne Henriette of Lorraine
, French noblewoman, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat (d.
1710
)
[39]
- February 2
–
John Eames
, English academic (d.
1744
)
[40]
- February 10
–
Jan Frederik Gronovius
, Dutch botanist notable as a patron of Linnaeus (d.
1762
)
- February 11
–
William Bowles
, British politician (d.
1748
)
[41]
- February 13
–
John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford
, British noble (d.
1703
)
- February 14
–
Harry Pulteney
, British politician (d.
1767
)
[42]
- February 16
–
Eleonore of Lowenstein-Wertheim
, German countess (d.
1753
)
- March 17
–
Jean-Baptiste Oudry
, French painter (d.
1755
)
[43]
- March 22
–
James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn
(d.
1744
)
[44]
- March 27
–
Johann Jakob Quandt
, Lutheran theologian, translated the Bible into Lithuanian (d.
1772
)
[45]
- April 1
–
Jan Frans van Bredael
, Flemish painter (d.
1750
)
[46]
- April 7
–
Francois Victor Le Tonnelier de Breteuil
, French nobleman (d.
1743
)
[47]
- April 8
–
Stefano Felice Ficatelli
, Italian painter of the late Baroque period (d.
1771
)
- April 9
–
James Craggs the Younger
, English politician (d.
1721
)
[48]
- April 19
–
Vasily Tatishchev
, Russian statesman, ethnographer (d.
1750
)
[49]
- April 28
–
Michael Brokoff
, Czech sculptor (d.
1721
)
- April 29
–
Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
(d.
1742
)
[50]
- May 19
–
Samuel-Jacques Bernard
, French billionaire (d.
1753
)
[51]
- May 24
–
Gabriel Fahrenheit
, German physicist, inventor of the Fahrenheit temperature scale (d.
1736
)
[52]
- May 25
–
William Steuart
(d.
1768
)
[53]
- May 31
–
Antonina Houbraken
, Dutch artist (d.
1736
)
[54]
- June 5
- June 6
–
John Reading
, Colonial Governor of New Jersey (d.
1767
)
[57]
- June 7
- June 9
- June 24
–
Domenico Montagnana
, Italian luthier (d.
1750
)
- June 29
–
Pietro Paolo Troisi
, Maltese artist (d.
1743
)
[61]
- July 3
–
Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes
, Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (d.
1722
)
[62]
- July 5
–
Jan Macare
, interim Dutch governor of Ceylon (d.
1742
)
[63]
- July 6
–
Antoine de Jussieu
, French naturalist (d.
1758
)
[64]
- July 9
–
Philip Livingston
, American politician (d.
1749
)
[65]
- July 24
–
Benedetto Marcello
, Italian composer (d.
1739
)
[66]
- July 25
–
William Hardres
, British politician (d.
1736
)
[67]
- July 27
–
Mary Butterworth
, American colonial counterfeiter (d.
1775
)
[68]
- July 31
–
Charles, Duke of Berry
, grandson of Louis XIV of France (d.
1714
)
- August 3
–
Gervais Baudoin
, Canadian physician (d.
1752
)
[69]
- August 10
–
Johann Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz
, Austrian field marshal (d.
1755
)
[70]
- August 12
- August 17
–
Nicola Porpora
, Neapolitan composer of Baroque operas and teacher of singing (d.
1768
)
[73]
- August 18
–
Peter von Bemmel
, German artist (d.
1754
)
- August 19
–
Eustace Budgell
, English writer and politician (d.
1737
)
[74]
- August 22
–
Albert Schultens
, Dutch philologist (d.
1750
)
[75]
- August 26
or
August 27
–
Agostino Cornacchini
, Italian sculptor and painter of the Rococo period (d.
1754
)
[76]
[77]
- August 29
–
Aloysius Centurione
, Italian Jesuit (d.
1757
)
[78]
- September 5
–
Antoine Touron
, French historian (d.
1775
)
- September 29
–
Cosmas Damian Asam
, German painter and architect during the late Baroque period (d.
1739
)
[79]
- September 30
–
John Alexander
(d.
1743
)
- October 15
–
Allan Ramsay
, Scottish poet (or
makar
) (d.
1758
)
[80]
- October 17
–
Jacques Hardion
, French historian (d.
1766
)
[81]
- October 17
(bapt.)
? –
John Machin
, English mathematician (d.
1751
)
- October 19
–
Peter van der Bosch
, Jesuit hagiographer (d.
1736
)
[82]
- October 30
–
Charles Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau
, French politician (d.
1732
)
[83]
- October 31
–
Senesino
, Italian singer (d.
1758
)
[84]
- November 1
- November 13
–
Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga
, Tuscan princess (d.
1741
)
[87]
- November 15
–
Claude Louis d'Espinchal, marquis de Massiac
, French politician (d.
1770
)
- November 16
–
Yinxiang
, Manchu prince of the Qing Dynasty (d.
1730
)
[88]
- November 23
–
Ignacio Barbosa-Machado
, Portuguese historian (d.
1734
)
[89]
- November 30
–
Richard Lumley, 2nd Earl of Scarbrough
(d.
1740
)
[90]
- December 8
–
John Dawnay
, British politician (d.
1740
)
[91]
- December 15
–
Jean-Joseph Fiocco
, Flemish composer (d.
1746
)
[92]
- December 25
–
Giovanni Battista Somis
, Italian violinist and composer (d.
1763
)
[93]
- date unknown
–
- approximate date
– Queen
Nanny of the Maroons
, Jamaican national heroine (d.
1755
)
Deaths
[
edit
]
- January 10
–
Ana de los Angeles Monteagudo
, Peruvian nun (b.
1602
)
[96]
- January 17
–
Carlo Dolci
, Italian painter (b.
1616
)
[97]
- January 19
–
Simon Digby, 4th Baron Digby
, English politician (b.
1657
)
[98]
- January 21
–
Francois Blondel
, French architect (b.
1618
)
[99]
- January 22
– Duchess
Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg
(b.
1656
)
[100]
- January 31
–
Jean Mairet
, French dramatist (b.
1604
)
[101]
- February 6
(dubious)
–
Dorothy White
, English Quaker and writer (b.
1630
)
[102]
- February 10
–
William Dugdale
, English antiquarian (b.
1605
)
[103]
- February 21
–
Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau
, Princess of Anhalt-Dessau (b.
1603
)
[104]
- March 17
–
Elisabeth Marie, Duchess of Oels
, Regent of Oels (b.
1625
)
- March 22
–
John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
(b.
1654
)
[105]
: 146
- March 26
–
Charlotte, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
, German noble (b.
1627
)
- April 6
–
Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey
, English royalist statesman (b.
1614
)
[106]
- April 19
–
Antonio de Solis y Ribadeneyra
, Spanish writer (b.
1610
)
[107]
- April 23
–
Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth
of England (b.
1660
)
[108]
- April 26
–
Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie
, Swedish statesman and military man (b.
1622
)
[109]
- May 11
–
Otto von Guericke
, German physicist and inventor of the
Magdeburg Hemispheres
(b.
1602
)
[110]
- May 29
–
Ove Juul
, Governor-General of Norway (b.
1615
)
[111]
- May 31
–
Nicholas Barre
, French Minim friar, priest and founder (b.
1621
)
[112]
- June 23
–
William Coventry
, English statesman (b. c.
1628
)
[113]
- July 10
–
John Fell
, English churchman (b.
1625
)
[114]
- July 16
–
John Pearson
, English theologian (b.
1612
)
[115]
- August 3
–
Anna Margaret of Hesse-Homburg
, Duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (b.
1629
)
[105]
: 73
- August 13
–
Louis Maimbourg
, French-born historian (b.
1610
)
[116]
- September 19
–
John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
, German duke (b.
1634
)
[117]
- October 26
–
John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater
, English politician (b.
1623
)
[118]
- November 1
–
William Duckett
, English politician (b.
1624
)
[119]
- November 25
–
Nicolas Steno
, Danish pioneer in anatomy and geology, bishop (b.
1638
)
[120]
- November 28
–
Nicolas Letourneux
, French preacher, ascetical writer (b.
1640
)
[121]
- December 6
–
Eleonora Gonzaga
, Queen consort of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (b.
1630
)
[122]
- December 11
–
Louis, Grand Conde
, French general (b.
1621
)
[123]
- December 12
–
Charles de Noyelle
, French Jesuit Superior General (b.
1615
)
[124]
- December 24
–
Philip Packer
, British barrister and architect (b.
1618
)
- date unknown but before
May 8
–
Joseph Bridger
, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b.
1631
)
[125]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Tchitcherov, Alexander I (1998).
India: changing economic structure in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries : outline history of crafts and trade
. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors. p. 98.
ISBN
978-81-7304-062-7
. Retrieved
May 6,
2023
.
- ^
"Records of Fort St. George. Diary and consultation book (1686-1689)"
.
Records of Fort St. George
. Madras: Superintendent Government Press. 1913
. Retrieved
May 6,
2023
.
- ^
Scoville, Warren Candler (1960).
The persecution of Huguenots and French economic development, 1680-1720
. Berkley: University of California Press. p. 58
. Retrieved
May 6,
2023
.
- ^
Wylie, James Aitken (2001).
History of the Waldenses
. Brushton, N.Y.: TEACH Services. pp. 163?165.
ISBN
978-1-57258-185-2
. Retrieved
May 6,
2023
.
- ^
A. F. Upton,
Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism
(Cambridge University Press, 1998) p. 110
- ^
Du Rietz, Anita (2013).
Kvinnors entreprenorskap: under 400 ar
. Stockholm: Dialogos.
- ^
Krarup, Janus (January 1, 1894).
"Gabriel Milan og Somme af hans Samtid. II. (Sluttet)"
.
Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift
(in Danish).
3
(3): 47.
ISSN
2445-4958
.
- ^
Elle Andra-Warner,
Hudson's Bay Company Adventures: Tales of Canada's Fur Traders
(Heritage House, 2011)
- ^
Kenyon, Walter Andrew (1986).
The History of James Bay, 1610-1686: A Study in Historical Archaeology
. Royal Ontario Museum. p. 78.
ISBN
978-0-88854-316-5
. Retrieved
May 7,
2023
.
- ^
Malumbres, Julian (1919).
Historia de Nueva-Vizcaya y provincia montanosa
(in Spanish). Manila: Tipog. Litog. del Col. de Sto. Tomas. p. 112
. Retrieved
May 11,
2023
.
- ^
Bushkovitch, Paul (September 27, 2001).
Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671?1725
. Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
ISBN
978-1-139-43075-3
. Retrieved
May 11,
2023
.
- ^
Koziara, Thomas P. (November 18, 2020).
Historia Nostra: The Complete History of Poland: 1586 to Present
. Vol. 6. Aurifera S.A. p. 23
. Retrieved
May 11,
2023
.
- ^
Barry, John Stetson (1855).
The History of Massachusetts
. Retrieved
May 11,
2023
.
- ^
Pierre-Francois-Xavier de Charlevoix,
History and General Description of New France
(F. P. Harper, 2013) p. 970
- ^
"Augsburg, League of", in
The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge
(Encyclopedia Americana Corporation, 1918) p. 541
- ^
Kenneth M. Setton,
Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century
(American Philosophical Society, 1991) p. 390
- ^
Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).
The Chronology of British History
. London: Century Ltd. pp. 196?197.
ISBN
0-7126-5616-2
.
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