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???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? [1] ? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? 13 ??? 25 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? 13 ??? ????? ?? ?? 19? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? 15 ?????? ?? ?? 25 ??????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? 18 ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????.. [2] ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.

????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????????? . ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????.

????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????.

?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????) ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????.

???? ???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????.

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? . ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. [3]

?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. [4]

????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. [5]

????????? ?? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? 15 ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????: [6] [7]

  1. ????????: ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.
  2. ???????: ????? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
  3. ???? ????????: ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?? 15 ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????.
  4. ???????: ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????.
  5. ????? ???????: ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????.

???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? 2005 ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????.

??????? ????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????: ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????. ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????. [8]

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 25 ??? ????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. [9]

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????.

  • ???????? ???????? :??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????.?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
  • ???????? ????????? ???????? :???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? .
  • ???????? ???????? : ? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????????
  • ???????? ???????? :???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. [10]

????? ????? ?? ???????? [ ??? ]

  • ????? ?????? : ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? .

?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? . ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????.

  • ????? ?????? :
    • ??????:???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????.
    • ?????? ???????: ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
    • ???? ???????
    • ????????? ????????
    • ???? ???????
    • ?????? [11]
  • ????? ????????? :????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????:
    • ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????.
    • ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
    • ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.
    • ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????. [12]

????? ??? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???.

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???:

  1. ????? ???????? ??????: ?? ?????? 11-14 ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????.
  2. ????? ???????? ??????: ?? ?????? 14-17?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? .
  3. ????? ???????? ????????: ?? ?????? 18-25 ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

????? ???? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

  1. ????? ??????: ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????.
  2. ?????? ??????: ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????.
  3. ?????? ??????: ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. [13]

??????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????:

  1. ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???.
  2. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???.
  3. ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???: ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. [14]

????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????/ ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????. [15]

?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.

?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

  1. ??????? ??????? :
    1. ?????? ????????.
    2. ?? ??????? ???? ???????.
    3. ??????.
  2. ??????? ?????? :
    1. ?????.
    2. ?????? ????????.
    3. ??????.
  3. ??????? ???????? :
    1. ?????? ???????.
    2. ????? ???? ????? ??????.
  4. ???????? :
    1. ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???: ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.
    2. ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????.

??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. [16]

??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????: ???? ?????????
  1. ??????? ???? ??????? : ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
  2. ?????? ?????? ????? : ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????.
  3. ?????? ??????? : ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??.
  4. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? : ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????.

5/ ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????.

??? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????.??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? D ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.

??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.

??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????:-

????? :- ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? (???? ???? - ????? - ??? ????? - ???? ??? - ??? ?? ????? - ?????).

?????? :- ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? B12 ??? ??????? ??????.

?????? :- ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? C ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. [17]

??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????.

?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???
  2. ^ ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  3. ^ Gilsanz V.? Roe T.? Mora S.? Costin G.? Goodman W. (1991). "Changes in vertebral bone density in Black girls and White girls during childhood and puberty". New England Journal of Medicine . ?. 325 ?. 23: 1597?1600. DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199112053252302 . PMID : 1944449 .
  4. ^ Smoll F.? Schutz R. (1990). "Quantifying gender differences in physical performance: A developmental perspective" . Developmental Psychology . ?. 26 ?. 3: 360?369. DOI : 10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.360 .
  5. ^ Peterson, A., & Taylor, B. (1980). The biological approach to adolescence: Biological change and psychological adaptation. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology , pp.129. New York: Wiley.
  6. ^ Goran M.? ?????? (1998). "Developmental changes in energy expenditure and physical activity in children: Evidence for a decline in physical activity in girls before puberty" . Pediatrics . ?. 101 ?. 5: 887?891. DOI : 10.1542/peds.101.5.887 . PMID : 9565420 .
  7. ^ Savage M.? Scott L. (1998). "Physical activity and rural middle school adolescents" . Journal of Youth and Adolescence . ?. 27 ?. 2: 245?253. DOI : 10.1023/A:1021619930697 . S2CID : 142764336 .
  8. ^ Johnson R.? Johnson D.? Wang M.? Smiciklas-Wright H.? Guthrie H. (1994). "Characterizing nutrient intakes of adolescents by sociodemographic factors" . Journal of Adolescent Health . ?. 15 ?. 2: 149?154. DOI : 10.1016/1054-139X(94)90542-8 . PMID : 8018688 .
  9. ^ ????? ????????? ????? ?????:????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????1982??:125.
  10. ^ ????? ????????? ????? ????? :????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 1982??130:129.
  11. ^ ????? ????????? ????? ????? :????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 1982??(131:130).
  12. ^ ????? ????????? ????? ????? :????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 1982??:133.
  13. ^ ????? ????????? ????? ?????:????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????1982??:138.
  14. ^ ????? ????????? ????? ?????:????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????1982??:139.
  15. ^ ???? "???" ? ?????? 1 ????? 2014 ???? ?????? 22 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  16. ^ ????? ????????? ????? ????? :????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 1982??185:183.
  17. ^ ?/ ????? ??? ?????? nutritionplanet ???? ?????? 17 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
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