????? ?????? ?????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
  ≪????? ?????≫ ??????? ??? ???. ????? 1962? ???? ????? ????? (????) . ????? 1989? ???? ????? ?????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? .
????? ?????? ?????
( ??????????? : Thomas Edward Lawrence )?  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1559) في ويكي بيانات
 
??????? ?????
??????? 16 ????? 1888 [1] [2] [3]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P569) في ويكي بيانات
?????? [4]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P19) في ويكي بيانات
?????? 19 ???? 1935 (46 ???) [1] [5] [6] [2] [3]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P570) في ويكي بيانات
??? ?????? ???? ???? ?   ????? ????? ?????     [???? ????] ‏  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P509) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ??????? ???????
??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? (?12 ????? 1927)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P27) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ???????
??????? ???? ???? ???? (??????: ????? ) (1907?1910)
???? ???????? (1910?)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P69) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ???? ????? ?   ????? ???? ?   ????? ??? ????? ?   ????? [3] ?   ????? ?   ????? ??????? ?   ?????? ?   ?????? ?   ????????? ?   ????? ?   ?????? [3] ?   ????? ??? ?????     [???? ????] ‏ [3]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P106) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ???????? ?   ??????????? ?   ????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1412) في ويكي بيانات
???? ?? ????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P108) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P800) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ????????
????? ????? ????????? ?   ????? ???? ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P241) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ????
????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P410) في ويكي بيانات
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?   ??????? ??????? ?????? ?   ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?   ?????? ?????? ?   ?????? ???? ?   ?????? ????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P607) في ويكي بيانات
???????
???????
IMDB ????? ??? IMDB   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P345) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

????????? ????? ?????? ????? (16 ????? 1888 - 19 ???? 1935) ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? (1916-1918) ????? ????? ??????? (1915-1918) ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? . ??? ?? (????? ?????) ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 1962 ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????. [7]

??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? (1861?1959) ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (1846-1919) ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ??? 1896? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1907 ??? ??? 1910? ???? ???? 1910 ? 1914 ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? .

??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 1914? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? (???? ???? ??? 1916) ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???. ?? ??? 1916? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? (??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? )? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? 1918.

??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????. ?? ??? 1922 ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? 1935 ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????) ??? 1926? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ≪???????≫ (The Mint) ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????.

???? ????? ?? 19 ???? ??? 1935 ?? ??? ????? 46 ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.

????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 16 ????? 1888 ?? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ???? ? [8] ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (?????????) ??????? ????? ???? (?????? ????). [9] [10] [11] ??? ????? ???????-??????? ????? ??????? ????? (????) ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? (????? ??????) ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ???? (???????? ????) ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? (????? ??????) ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? (??? ????) ????? ?? ???? ?????. [12] [13]

?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????????? ? ????

?? ??? ????? ?????? (???? ??????) ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? (????? ??????? ??????). ?? ??? 1914? ??? ????? ???? ( ????? ??????? ) ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? . [14] [15] ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? . [16]

?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1896 ??? ??? 1921.

???? ??????? ?? 1894 ??? 1896 ?? ???? (???? ???? ?????) ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? . [17] ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [18] ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. [19] ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. [19]

?? ??? ??? 1896 ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? [20] ????? ???? ??? ??? 1921. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1896 ??? ??? 1907? [21] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? (??????) ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1966. [22] ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? (??? ????? ?????? ??????????) ?? ????? ?????? ????? . [23]

???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 1905 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? . ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????. [24] [25]

????? ????? ???? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ?? 15? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? [26] ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????. [26] ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1906 ?? ??????? ????????? (?????? ??????) ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????. [26] ?? ??? ??? 1906 ?1907 ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? [26] ?? ????? ??? 1907 ??? ??????: ≪ ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ≫. [27]

??????? ???? (????) ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? 1912

?? ??? 1907 ??? ??? 1910? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? . [28] ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1908? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 2200 ??? (3500 ??) ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [29] [30] ?? ??? ??? 1909? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ????? 1000 ??? (1600 ??) ????? ??? ???????. [31] ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? . [32] ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? - ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???)? [33] ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? [26] ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. [34] ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? [??????????] ?? ??? 1937 ?? (????? ?????? ??????) ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????. [35]

?? ??? 1910? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? . [36] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 100 ???? ???????? ??????. [37] ?? ?????? ??? 1910 ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? [38] ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? 1914 ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? (?? ?????? ?????????) ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? [39] ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? [40] ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? [41] ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1912 ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? . [42]

?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. [43]

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? 1914? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. [44] ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? [45] ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? . [46]

????? ????? ?????? ????????

????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1914? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? [??????????] ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? [47] ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? 15 ?????? 1914. [48] ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? . [49]

???? ????? ???? ??? 1915? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????. [50] ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? [51] ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. [52] ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? . ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. [53] ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? . [54]

?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? [55] ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? [56] ????? ??????? ?? ???????. [55] ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????. [57] ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. [58]

???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? 1915? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. [59] ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? . [60]

?? ???? ??? 1916? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????. [61] ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????: ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????. [62]

?????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???????? ???????: ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???

????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? . ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???.

?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? 1917.

?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????.

???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? . ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. [63]

?? ????? ??? 1916 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? [64] ?? 16 ?????? 1916? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????. [65] ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? : ??? ???? ???? ????? ? [66] ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. [67]

?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? [??????????] ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. [68] ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. [69] ?? ????? ?????? 1916? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. [70] ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????. [71]

?? ????? ??? 1917? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? 300 ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. [72]

???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. [73] ???? ????? ????? ??? 1918? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????. [74]

???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????:

  • 3 ????? 1917: ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. [75]
  • 26 ???? 1917: ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????. [76] [77]
  • 11 ?????? 1917: ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????. [78]
  • 2 ????? 1917: ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????. [79]
  • 18 ?????? 1917: ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? . [80]
  • 27 ?????? 1917: ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. [81]
  • 7 ?????? 1917: ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????. [82]
  • 23 ????? 1918: ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? . [83] ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? [84] ? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ≪???? ????????? ?????? ???????≫. [83] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????. [83]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????: [85] [85]

توماس إدوارد لورنس ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? - ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????. توماس إدوارد لورنس

???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. [86] ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????. [87] ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. [87] [88] [89]

?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? [90] [91] ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????. [92] [93]

?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? . ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????.

??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? " ???? ???? " ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ". ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ??????
?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1917.

?? ??? 1917? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? (???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????) ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. [94] [95] [96] ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. [97] ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? . [98]

??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? [99] ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 9 ????? [100] ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? 6 ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????.

??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? (?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????) ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????: [101]

توماس إدوارد لورنس ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????. توماس إدوارد لورنس

????? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ???? ?? 20 ?????? 1917 ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? [102] ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? [103] ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????. [104] [105]

?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. [106] ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? (????? ?????? ??????) ?????: ≪?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???≫. [107]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ???? (1918)
????? ??? 1919

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? 9 ?????? ?? 1 ?????? 1918? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ≪????≫ ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? . [108]

??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1920 ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????. [109]

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. [110]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? . [ ????? ????? ]

??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????.

???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.

??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????.

???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ≪???? ??≫ ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ≪ ???? ?? ≫ ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [ ????? ????? ]

??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???. ????? -??????- ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.

??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ≪ ??????? ≫ ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ≪???????≫ ?? ??? 1918. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ≪ ???? ≫ ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ≪ ?????? ???? ≫. ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????.

?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ≪ ??????? ≫ ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????.

???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? 3 ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.

??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????.

??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? -????? ?????? ?????? ????- ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? (???). ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? (????).

?? 28 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ≪?????≫ ????? ?????? ????. ??? ≪?????≫ ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ≪?????≫ ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ≪?????≫. ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ≪?????≫ ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ≪?????≫ ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????.

???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ≪?????≫ ??????? ≪????≫ ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ???????? ???? ≪?????≫ ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????.

?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.

???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 1918 ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ≪???? ??????≫ ?????? ???????? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ≪???? ????≫ ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? . ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????.

???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ≪???????≫. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? . ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.

??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????.

??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1917 ???? ???? ???? ????? .

??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????:

  • 1. ??? ????? ?? ????
  • 2. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????
  • 3. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????

???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ≪???? ????≫ ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????. ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????.

????? ???? ?????? ???????

????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????

??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ?? ???? 19 ?????? 1918 ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????.

?? ≪?? ??????≫ ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???. ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???.

??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????: 1. ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ≪??????≫ 2. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ≪????≫ ?? ????? ???? 3. ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ≪?????≫ ??? ????? ????.

?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???.

???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? -?? ???????- ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ≪??? ???≫ ?≪???? ???? ???????≫ ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.

???? ????? ??????? ???? -??? ????? ?????? ????- ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ≪??? ???≫ ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ≪?????≫ ??? ≪???? ???? ???????≫ ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ≪??? ??????≫ ?≪???? ????≫ ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???.

??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ≪?????≫ ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ≪???? ?????≫ -??? ????? ?????? ????- ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????.

???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??? ≪???? ??????≫ ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ≪???? ???? ???????≫. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????.

??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????.

????? ?? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1918. [111]

??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????. [112] ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ?? 17 ???? 1919 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ( ?????? ??? ???? ?? ) ????? ?? ???? ????-???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????. [113] ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. [114]

?? ??? 1918? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???. [115] ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (?? ?????? ?? ??????) ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ? [116] ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????. [116] ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 1919? [117] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? . ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? 14 ????? 1919 ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. [115]

?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 1919 ?? ?????? ??? ??????: ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? (??????)? ?????? ?????? (?????)? ??????? ???? ???? (????? ??? ?????)? ?????? ??? ????.

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. [116] ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1920 ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? (?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????) ????? ??? ?????? ?????. [116] ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. [116] ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. [118] ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???. [119]

??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? 1920. [120] ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? 21 ???? 1921 ??? ????? ????? : (????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???). [121] ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? (???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ). [122] ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ? ????? ??????? . [123]

?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? .

??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????. [124] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????. [125] ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? (?? ??? ???????? ??????)? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????. [125]

??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? [126] ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 1922 ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? (??? ???? ???). ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? (???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ) ??????? ??????? [127] ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? (???) ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????. [128]

?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? (????? ??? ???? ?????) ??? 1921.

??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? 1923 ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? (?? ?? ???) ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????. [129] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? 1925. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1926 ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? (??????? ????)? [130] [131] ???? ??? ????? ??? 1928 ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????. [132]

????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ??? 1930 ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????. [133]

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? . ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 1935. [134]

?????? (????) ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? (?? ?????) ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? 1918.

?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? 1931? ???? ?????? ?? ???? (???? ??????) ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (??????) ????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? [135] ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????: (?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???)? [135] ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. [135]

?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? (???? ??????? ??????????) ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? (ST 200 Seaplane Tender Mk1) ???? 37.5 ????? (11.4 ?????) ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 140 ????? ??? ??????? ????? 24 ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 29 ????. [136] [137]

??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. [138] [139] ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? SS100 (????? GW 2275) ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? [140] ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? . [141] ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? 1934? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? . [142]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

?? 13 ???? 1935 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. [143] ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? 19 ???? 1935 ?? ??? ????? 46 ?????. [143] ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. [144] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. [ ????? ????? ]

??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????. [145]

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? (??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ) ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? . [146] [147] ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 2014 ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1918? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1917 ?1918 ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? . [ ????? ????? ]

??? ??? 2020 ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. [148]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [149] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????. [150]

?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????: ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? (???? ????? ??????) ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (????? ??????) ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. [151]

????? ?????? ??????

??????? ???????: ????? ?????? ??????

????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? 1919? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. [152]

????? ???? (????? ?????? ??????) ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? (????? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????) ?????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 49 ???? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? 70 ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. [153]

?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1926 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? [154] ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. [155]

???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? (????? ?????? ??????) ????? ????? ≪??? ???? ????≫ ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ≪????? ?????? ???????≫. [156]

???? ?? ???????

??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1926 ????? ?? ???? 1927 ???????? ?????? ???????. [157] ???? ?????? ????.

????????

# ?????? ????? ????
1 ????? ?????? ?????? (?? ???? ????? ??????) ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ( ???? 0-8488-0562-3 )
2 ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ( ???? 1-56619-275-7 )
3 ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ( ???? 0-393-00196-2 )
4 ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1932 ( ???? 0-19-506818-1 )
5 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1924
6 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ( ???? 0-460-04733-7 )
7 ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? 1929 ?? ?????? ????????? . [158]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. [159] ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? [160] [161] ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? (?????) ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? [162] ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? [163] ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????. [162] [163] [164]

???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.

??? ?????? ?? ????? (????? ?????? ??????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ≪??? S.A.≫ ???? ????:

??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? (??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????).

????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????

????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????

?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??

????? ?????.

?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? "S.A." ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? S.A ???? ??? ??? ???? (???? ????) ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1918. [165] [166] [167]

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? (??? ????? ?????? ????????) ?????: (??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????: ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????)? [168] ??? ???? ?????? ??? ≪???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????≫ ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? (????? ?????? ??????) ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????.

???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????: (?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????)? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? . [169] ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? [170] ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. [171] ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???: (??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????)? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ≪????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????≫? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. [172]

??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. [173] [174] ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????. [174] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1997 ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????. [175]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???????

?????

??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????

  • ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? 1930
  • ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? : ???? ??? ?????.???? 2010? 1993? 1962
  • ???? ????? ????? ????? : ?????? ????????.?????? (???? ??????) 1968
  • ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 1969
  • ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????.????? ??????? 1991
  • ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? 1971? 1980? 1986? 1991
  • ?. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????? 1983.
  • ?. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? : ??? ?????? ????? 1990
  • ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.?????? 1997
  • ???? ??????? ????? ?????: ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? 2000
  • ??? ???????? ????? ????? : ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? 2001.
  • ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? 1888-1935 ????? 2004? 2005
  • ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? 2008
  • ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? 2013
  • ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? 2015
  • ???? ????? ????? (??? ????????) ?????? ???? ???? - ??? ?????

??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????

  • ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? 1927
  • ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? - 1934
  • ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?. ???? ???? ??????? 1950
  • ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? 1989? ???? 1990.
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? 1947
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ????? 1963? 1965, 1979, 1980+ ???? ???? ?????
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ????? 1968? 1971
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? 1998? 2001? 2015
  • ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? 1988
  • ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? 2009
  • ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 2012
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? 2010
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? 2013
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? 2014
  • ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? 2017
  • ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? 1945 ?
  • ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? 1933 ???? 2009
  • ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????1950
  • ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? 1950
  • ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? 1966
  • ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? 1969? 1982? 1987? 1993? 1999 ??????? 2010
  • ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 1971.
  • ????? ?????? ???????? ????? 1982
  • ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? 1971.
  • ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? 1984
  • ????? ????? : ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (???? ??? ??????) 1977
  • ????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????2000, 2008
  • ????? .. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?.????? ???? ??????? 2000
  • ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? 2005
  • ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 2013
  • ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 2013
  • ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? 2016
  • ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????
  • ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? 2018

?? ???????

????????

??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (???? ????? ??????) ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 2019 ?????? (????? ??????). [181]

??????

  • ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( ??? ) ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? 1960?61 ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? . ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????. [182]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ? ? Encyclopædia Britannica | T.E. Lawrence (???????????), QID : Q5375741
  2. ^ ? ? GeneaStar | T. E. Lawrence ? QID : Q98769076
  3. ^ ? ? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ? QID : Q10855166
  4. ^ "Lawrence rarity sells for ￡18,000" . BBC News Online (???????????). 19 Feb 2001.
  5. ^ Brockhaus Enzyklopadie | T. E. (Thomas Edward) Lawrence (??????????), QID : Q237227
  6. ^ Gran Enciclopedia Catalana | Thomas Edward Lawrence (???????????), Grup Enciclopedia, QID : Q2664168
  7. ^ ???? - Lawrence of Arabia - 1962 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-28 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2022-02-02
  8. ^ Aldington, 1955, p. 25.
  9. ^ Alan Axelrod (2009). Little-Known Wars of Great and Lasting Impact . Fair Winds, 2009. ?. 237. ISBN : 9781616734619 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-01 .
  10. ^ "Snowdon Lodge" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-12-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-04-17 .
  11. ^ David Barnes (2005). The Companion Guide to Wales . Companion Guides, 2005. ?. 280. ISBN : 9781900639439 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-01 .
  12. ^ Aldington, 1955, p. 19.
  13. ^ "T. E. Lawrence Studies" . Telstudies.org. 13 ???? 1935. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-17 .
  14. ^ Mack, 1976, p. 9.
  15. ^ Wilson, 1989, Appendix 1.
  16. ^ Mack, 1976, p. 6.
  17. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 22.
  18. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 24.
  19. ^ ? ? Wilson? Jeremy (2 ?????? 2011). "T. E. Lawrence: from dream to legend" . T.E. Lawrence Studies. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-10-25 .
  20. ^ Wilson 1989, p. 24.
  21. ^ Mack, 1976, p. 22.
  22. ^ "Brief history of the City of Oxford High School for Boys, George Street" . University of Oxford Faculty of History. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-04-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-06-25 .
  23. ^ Aldington, 1955, p. 53.
  24. ^ "T. E. Lawrence Studies" . Telawrence.info. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-09-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-09-09 .
  25. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 33, in note 34 Wilson discusses a painting in Lawrence's possession at the time of his death which appears to show him as a boy in RGA uniform.
  26. ^ ? ? ? ? ? Beeson? C.F.C. ? Simcock? A.V. (1989) [1962]. Clockmaking in Oxfordshire 1400?1850 (?. 3rd). Oxford: Museum of the History of Science     [???? ????] ‏. ?. 3. ISBN : 978-0-903364-06-5 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ( link )
  27. ^ Lares, Maurice "T.E. Lawrence and France: Friends or Foes?" pages 220?242 from The T.E. Lawrence Puzzle edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 222.
  28. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 42.
  29. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 45?51.
  30. ^ Penaud, 2007.
  31. ^ Wilson, 1989 pp. 57?61.
  32. ^ Mack? John E. (1990). "6: Lawrence at Jesus College, 1907-1910". A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ?. 58. ISBN : 0192827944 .
  33. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 67.
  34. ^ Allen? Malcolm Dennis (1 ?????? 2010). The Medievalism of Lawrence of Arabia . Penn State Press, 1991. ?. 29. ISBN : 978-0271040608 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-01 .
  35. ^ Allen, M.D. "Lawrence's Medievalism" pages 53?70 from The T.E. Lawrence Puzzle edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 53.
  36. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 70.
  37. ^ Wilson, p. 73.
  38. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 76?77.
  39. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 76?134.
  40. ^ "T. E. Lawrence letters, 1927" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-02-11.
  41. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 88.
  42. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 99?100.
  43. ^ Woolley? Leonard (1954). Dead Towns and Living Men . London and Tonbridge: The Whitefriars Press. ?. 85?95. ISBN : 978-0-13-601970-1 .
  44. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 136. Lawrence wrote to his parents "We are obviously only meant as red herrings to give an archaeological colour to a political job."
  45. ^ "The Re-publication of The Wilderness of Zin" . 18 ?????? 2006. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-09-09 .
  46. ^ "Adventure in the desert on the trail of Lawrence of Arabia" . The Telegraph. 24 ?????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-01-19 .
  47. ^ Korda, 2010, p. 251.
  48. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 166.
  49. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 152, 154.
  50. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 158.
  51. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 199.
  52. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 195.
  53. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 169?170.
  54. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 161.
  55. ^ ? ? Wilson, 1989, p. 189.
  56. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 188.
  57. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 181.
  58. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 186.
  59. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 211?212.
  60. ^ McMahon? Henry? bin Ali? Hussein (1939)? Cmd.5957; Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, G.C.M.G., His Majesty's High Commissioner at. Cairo and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July, 1915-March, 1916 (with map) (PDF) ? HMG? ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-02-02
  61. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 256?276.
  62. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 313. In note 24, Wilson argues that Lawrence must have known about Sykes-Picot prior to his relationship with Faisal, contrary to a later statement.
  63. ^ ?? ???????? / ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 08 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  64. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 300.
  65. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 302.
  66. ^ Wilson, pp. 307?311.
  67. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 312.
  68. ^ Wilson, p. 321.
  69. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 323.
  70. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 347. Also see note 43, where the origin of the repositioning idea is examined closely.
  71. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 358.
  72. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 424?425.
  73. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 491.
  74. ^ Wilson, 1918, p. 479.
  75. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 348
  76. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 388.
  77. ^ Alleyne? Richard (30 ????? 2010). "Garland of Arabia: the forgotten story of TE Lawrence's brother-in-arms" . The Daily Telegraph . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-29 .
  78. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 412
  79. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 416.
  80. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 446.
  81. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 448.
  82. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 455?457.
  83. ^ ? ? ? Mack, 1976, pp. 158, 161.
  84. ^ Lawrence, 7 Pillars (1922) , pp. 537?546.
  85. ^ ? ? Morsey, Konrad "T.E. Lawrence: Strategist" pages 185?203 from The T.E. Lawrence Puzzle edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 194.
  86. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 353.
  87. ^ ? ? Murphy, David (2008). "The Arab Revolt 1916?1918", London: Osprey, 2008 page 36.
  88. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 329 describes a very early argument for letting the Ottomans stay in Medina in a November 1916 letter from Clayton.
  89. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 383?384 describes Lawrence's arrival at this conclusion. However, Aldington 1955 disagrees strongly with the value of the strategy, p. 178.
  90. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 361?362 argues that Lawrence knew the details and briefed Faisal in February 1917.
  91. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 444. shows Lawrence definitely knew of Sykes-Picot in September 1917.
  92. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 309.
  93. ^ Wilson, 1989, pp. 390?391.
  94. ^ "The bombardment of Akaba." The Naval Review . Volume IV. 1916. pp. 101?103
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  96. ^ "Naval Operation in the Red Sea 1916?1917". The Naval Review , Volume XIII, no.4 (1925). pp. 648?666.
  97. ^ Graves, 1934, p. 161. "Akaba was so strongly protected by the hills, elaborately fortified for miles back, that if a landing were attempted from the sea a small Turkish force could hold up a whole Allied division in the defiles."
  98. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 400.
  99. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 397.
  100. ^ Wilson, 1989, p. 406.
  101. ^ Staff, Guardian (19 May 1935). "Strategist of the Desert Dies in Military Hospital" . the Guardian (???????????). Archived from the original on 2021-11-03 . Retrieved 2022-02-12 .
  102. ^ Letter to W.F. Stirling, Deputy Chief Political Officer, Cairo, 28 June 1919, in Brown, 1988.
  103. ^ Mack, 1976.
  104. ^ Day? Elizabeth (14 ???? 2006). "Lawrence of Arabia 'made up' sex attack by Turk troops" . The Daily Telegraph . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-11.
  105. ^ Barr? James. Setting the Desert on Fire: T. E. Lawrence and Britain's Secret War in Arabia 1916?1918 .
  106. ^ Wilson, 1989, note 49 to Chapter 21.
  107. ^ T. E. Lawrence (1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom . Jonathan Cape. ?.  447 .
  108. ^ Barker, A (1998). "The Allies Enter Damascus". History Today . ?. 48.
  109. ^ Eliezer Tauber. The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq. Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. Portland, Oregon. 1995.
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  112. ^ Asher, 1998, p. 343.
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  118. ^ Aldington, 1955, p. 108.
  119. ^ Aldington, 1955, pp. 293, 295.
  120. ^ Korda, 2010, pp. 513, 515.
  121. ^ Klieman, Aaron "Lawrence as a Bureaucrat" pages 243?268 from The T.E. Lawrence Puzzle edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 253.
  122. ^ Korda, 2010, p. 519.
  123. ^ Korda, 2010, p. 505.
  124. ^ Lares, Maurice "T.E. Lawrence and France: Friends or Foes?" pages 220?242 from The T.E. Lawrence Puzzle edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 224 & 236?237.
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  133. ^ "Pole Hill" . T.E. Lawrence Society. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-01-19 .
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  135. ^ ? ? ? Crompton? Teresa (2020). Adventuress, the Life and Loves of Lucy, Lady Houston . The History Press. ?. 193.
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  137. ^ Korda, 2010, p. 642.
  138. ^ Erwin Tragatsch? ?????? (1979). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles . New Burlington Books. ?.  95 . ISBN : 978-0-906286-07-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-07.
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  150. ^ Korda, 2010, p. 137.
  151. ^ Orlans, 2002, p. 132.
  152. ^ "Found: Lawrence of Arabia's lost text" . The Independent . 13 ????? 1997. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-01-18 .
  153. ^ Asher, 1998, p. 259.
  154. ^ Graves, 1928, ch. 30.
  155. ^ Mack, 1976, p. 323.
  156. ^ Halliday, 100 Myths About the Middle East, 2005, p. 147, ISBN 0-86356-529-8 .
  157. ^ Grand Strategies; Literature, Statecraft, and World Order , Yale University Press, 2010, p. 8.
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  159. ^ The Sunday Times pieces appeared on 9, 16, 23, and 30 June 1968, and were based mostly on the narrative of John Bruce.
  160. ^ E.H.R. Altounyan in Lawrence, A. W., 1937.
  161. ^ Knightley and Simpson, 1970, p. 29
  162. ^ ? ? C. Leonard Woolley in A. W. Lawrence, 1937, p. 89
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  164. ^ Wilson, 1989, chapter 27.
  165. ^ Yagitani? Ryoko. "An 'S.A.' Mystery" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-16.
  166. ^ Benson-Gyles? Dick (2016). The Boy in the Mask: The Hidden World of Lawrence of Arabia . The Lilliput Press. Benson-Gyles argues for Farida Al-Akle, a Syrian woman from ???? (now in Lebanon) who taught Arabic to Lawrence prior to his architectural career.
  167. ^ Korda, 2010, p. p. 498.
  168. ^ Letter to Charlotte Shaw in Mack, 1976, p. 425.
  169. ^ Knightley and Simpson, 1970, p. 221.
  170. ^ Simpson? Colin? Knightley? Phillip (????? 1968). "John Bruce (the pieces appeared on the 9th, 16th, 23rd, and 30th of June, and were based mostly on the narrative of John Bruce)". Sunday Times .
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  172. ^ James? Lawrence (2005). The Golden Warrior: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia . Abacus. ?. 263.
  173. ^ Mack, 1976, p. 420.
  174. ^ ? ? Mack, 1976, p. 33.
  175. ^ Lawrence? T. E. (1997). Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Wordsworth Classics of World Literature) . Wordswroth. ?. vi, vii. ISBN : 978-1853264696 . Introduction by ????? ????? , who says that returning soldiers often feel intense guilt at having survived when others did not, even to the point of self-harm.
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  177. ^ ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? (???????????)
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  179. ^ ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? (???????????)
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  182. ^ Western Morning News 1986

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