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????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 24 ??? 32 ???? ????? (75 ??? 90 ????????) ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? 16 ??? 32 ???? ????? (60 ??? 90 ????????) ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? 37 ??? 38 ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? 38 ??? 41 ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????.
???? ?????
????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 1,2 ??? 1,5 ??? (4 ??? 5 ?????) ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 3,0 ??? 3,4 ??? (10 ??? 11 ?????) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? 2,7 ??? 3,0 ??? (9 ??? 10 ?????) ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 2.4 ??? (8 ?????)? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? 8 ?? (5 ?????) / ????. ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? 3 ?? ?????? ??????? (???? ??? 2 ???/????). ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????.
?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? (10 ?????) ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????.
??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??
???? ????
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??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????.
??????
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????????
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????? ?????
? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??
????? ??????
? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????.
???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???
1991
? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????
?????? ?????
??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? 910 ????? ??? (240 ????? ?????) ?? ?????? (? ?? ??? ????? ???????). ?????? ??? ????? 80 ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????.
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
???? ???? ???????
???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????
?????????
?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????. ?? ??? 1999 ???? ??? ?? ??? 400 ??? 500 ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????
??????? ????????
.
???? ??????
???? ??????? ??
????? ????????
? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? 130 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? 1991 ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
[17]
?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 240 ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.
???? ?????
???????
- ^
?
?
?
?
?
?
the Encyclopedia Americana
international edition. volume 21, p.751
- ^
?
?
?
?
????? ????? (2005).
?????? ????? ?????? ??????
. ????? ??????.: ??? ????? ????? ????????.
- ^
?
?
?
?
Kampf, Jochen; Sadrinasab, Masoud
(2005.), str. 130.
???? ??????
17 ????? 2012 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?????? ???? (1 ????? 1992).
?????? ??????-??? ????????
. ???? ????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-01-19.
- ^
PLINY'S NATURAL HISTORY.Page 99
???? ??????
6 ?????? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
D. T. Potts, Arabia and the kingdom of Characene, page 140: "Cl. Ptolemy knew the northern Gulf as "Mesanites Kolpos" the "Gulf of Mesene"
- ^
A. Sprenger, Die alte Giographie Arabiens, page 200
- ^
?
?
????? ????? ??.
"?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ????? ??????"
: 240?266.
DOI
:
10.12816/0027398
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-04-03.
- ^
?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????
???? ??????
12 ???? 2013 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????
[
???? ??????
]
???? ??????
6 ????? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
Eilts, Hermann (Fall, 1980). "Security Considerations in the Persian Gulf".
International Security
.
5
(2): 79?113. JSTOR
2538446
. doi:
10.2307/2538446
???? ??????
10 ?????? 2017 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????: ????? ??????? ????? ?????: 1980 ? 86
- ^
?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? Arabian Gulf ???????????
???? ??????
14 ?????? 2008 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? Arabian Gulf ???????????
???? ??????
29 ????? 2017 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
????? ????? (2017).
???? ?????? ????? ?????
(?. ???????). ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????.: ????? ????? ????????.
ISBN
:
9786039066675
.
- ^
???????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (2012?).
"?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? : ??????? ??????? ???????"
(PDF)
.
?????? ????????
. ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????: ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????.
ISBN
:
9780977660094
. ????? ??
?????
(PDF)
?? 2015-05-31
. ???? ???? ??????
2017-08-28
.
- ^
Research helps Iran ? Press Release Bradford University
???? ??????
23 ?????? 2015 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
????? ??????
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