???? ???????

???????? : 21°37′N 87°04′W  /  21.617°N 87.067°W  / 21.617; -87.067
?? ?????????? ???????? ?????

21°37′N 87°04′W  /  21.617°N 87.067°W  / 21.617; -87.067

???? ???????
????? ????? ??????? ??????
خريطة
??????? ????
???? ????
?????? ???????? / ???????
??????????
??? ??
??????
??????? ???????
??? ?????
??????????
???? ??????
?????
???????
??? ???????
??? ?????? ? ????????? , ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????, ??? ?????????, ??? ?????????, ??? ???????????
????????
???????
1,550,000 ??? 2 (600,000 ??? 2 )
???
  • 4?384 ? عدل القيمة على Wikidata

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????

???? ??????? ( ?????????? : Golfo de Mexico) ( ??????????? : Gulf of Mexico) ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? [1] ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. [2] ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? (?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? )? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? : ?????????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? . [3]

???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? . ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????.

???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 300 ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? . [4] ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? 810 ??? ???? (1,500 ???? 930 ???) ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????.??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? .?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? 1,6 ????? ?? 2 . ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? 2.4 × 10 6 ??????? ???? (5.8 × 10 5 ??? ????). [5] ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. [6]

?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????
??? ????????
???? ?? ???? ???????

??????? ??? ??????????? [4] [7] [8] ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? . ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? (Marathon Uplift) ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? . ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? . ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? (Roy Van Arsdale) ?????? ?? ???? (Randel T. Cox) ? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? . [9] [10]

???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? . [11] ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? - ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? . ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????40- ??????? (25  mi ) ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? (Louann salt) ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? . ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. [7] [8] [12] [13] ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? 145-150 ????? ???.

???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 5?7 ??? (3.1?4.3 ???). ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????. [7] [13] [14]

?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? 10?20 ??? (6.2?12.4 ???) ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????. [7] [13] [14]

??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? (Laramide) . ???? ????? ????? (????? ????? ???????) ?? ??? ???????. [15]

?? ??? 2002 ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????-??????? . [16] ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. [4] [8] [13] [17] ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. [18]

?? ??? 2014? ????? ???? ????? (Erik Cordes) ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? 3,300 ??? (1,000 ?) ??? ??? ??????? ????? 100 ??? (30 ?) ???? 12 ??? (3.7 ?) ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? Hercules ??? ??? 2015 ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? DSV Alvin . ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? . ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? . ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (65 °? ?? 18 °? ?????? ??39 °? ?? 4 °?)? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. [19]

?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????: [15]

  • ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? (Sigsbee Deep) ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????1- (plain Sigsbee Abyssal) ? ? 2- (Mississippi Cone) .
  • ???? ??? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? .
  • ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????
  • ??? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? -???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? (Scorpion Reef) .
  • ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? .
  • ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????.
  • ???? ??? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????.

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 1700 ? "????? ????? ???????"

??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? . ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1497. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

?? ??? 1506? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? 1510? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ????. ?? ??? 1518 ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????.

?? ??? 1517? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? . ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? . ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1518 ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ??? 1519 ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? . ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????: ??? ???? ??? 1517? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????.

?? ??? 1523? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1554. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? (??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? )? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? 22 ????? 1554. ??? ?????? ??? 12 ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? 15 ????? 1559.

?? 11 ?????? 1526? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 100 ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ?? 7 ????? 1528? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???.

?? ??? 1697? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????.???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? 24 ?????? 1698. ?? 25 ????? 1699? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? Massacre ? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ? ????? ??? ; ??? 13 ?????? 1699? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???-??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? . [20] ?? 1 ???? 1699? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? . ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?? 4 ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 35 ??? (56 ???) ????? ???? ???????? ?? 4,000 ??? (1,200 ?) ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 2002 ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC) ?? ???? 2007? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? (Texas A&M) ??????? ?? (OGGC) ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? (???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? BOEM) ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? (Nautilus Productions) ???????? ?? (BOEM) ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? (Texas A&M) ? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? (Florida Public Archaeology Network) [21] ? (Veolia Environmental) ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? [22] ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? (ROV) ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? (Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck) . [23] ?? 30 ????? 1942? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? U-166? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???. ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 3? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? B ? C ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? USS PC-566? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. ??? PC-566 ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? U-166. ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 15 ????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? 15 ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? C & C ???? ??? ???? U-166. [24]

???? ??????? ????????? U-166 ????? ?? ???? U ?? ????? IXC ???? ????? Kriegsmarine ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ?? 6 ?????? 1940 ?? Seebeckwerft (??? ?? ???? Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG ? Deschimag) ?? Wesermunde (????????? ???????) ????????? ???? ??? 705? ?? ??????? ?? 1 ?????? 1941 ??? ??????? ?? 23 ???? 1942 ??? ????? Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Gunther Kuhlmann. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? U-boat Flotilla ? ?? ??? U-166 ??? ?????? ?????? U-boat Flotilla ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 1 ????? 1942. ???? ?????? U ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? 7593. ??? ?? (GRT). [25] [26] ???? ?? 30 ????? 1942 ?? ???? ???????.

?? ??? 2001? ?? ?????? ??? ???? U-166 ?? 5000 ??? (1500 ?) ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? (3.2 ??) ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??. ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?. ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? 500 ??? (150 ?????) ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??. [25]

????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???
???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. [26]
????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. [27] [28]

??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 1,680 ??? (2,700 ???), ?????? ?????? ?? 33 ????? ??????? ???? ?? 31 ?????. [29] ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? . ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 1743 ????? (2805 ??). ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? . ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? .  ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????. [30]   ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? - ???? ??????? - ???? ???? . ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????.

???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????.

???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 2005. ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??  ??????? (????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????).  ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????.  ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????. [31]

????? ?????? ??????? .  ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? (???? 5.0 ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ).  ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. [32]

????? 2006 [ ??? ]

???? ?????: ????? ???? ??????? 2006

?? 10 ?????? 2006? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? 6.0 ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? 250 ??? (400 ???) ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? 10:56 ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? . ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? . ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????. [33] [34] ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????. [35] ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. [35] ????? ???? 11 ?????? 2006 ?? The Tampa Tribune ? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1952? ????? ?? ?????? ? 20 ??? (32 ???) ???? ??? ???????? .

???????? ????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????: ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (?? ???????)? ?????? 26 ????? 1976.

???? ????????? ???????: ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? 16 ?????? / ????? ????? 1977.

??????? ????????? ???????: ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? 23 ?????? 1970 ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? (????? ???????? ??????? ??????)? ??????? 4 ???? 1978? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????200 ??? ???? (370 ???? 230 ???), 9 ????? 2000.

?? 13 ?????? 2007? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (CLCS) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? 200 ??? ????. [36] ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ?? 13 ???? 2009? ???? CLCS ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???350 ??? ???? (650 ???? 400 ???) ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.

?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????. [37]

???? 27000 ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???. [38]

???????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? (???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????) ?????? ?? ???? ???????. [39] ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????. [40] ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. [5]

?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????. [41] ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ) ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? / ????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? 1979? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [42]

???? ?????: ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????

?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????

????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? .

?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? [43] ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? .

?? ??? 1973? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????. [44]

????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????. ?? ????? 2008? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? 1985 ? 2008? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? (????????). [45] ???? 8,776 ??? ???? (22,730 ??? 2 ) ?? ??? 2017? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. [46] ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? 2007 ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 61? ?? ?????? ??? 39? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? 52? ??? 48? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????. [47]

?????? Ixtoc ??????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? 1979? ???? Ixtoc I ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 2010.

?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????: ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? 2010
?????? ????? ???????

?? 20 ????? 2010? ????? ???? ????? ≪ ??? ???? ??????? ≫ ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 40 ??? (64 ???) ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ????. [48] ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? [38] ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? 24 ?????? ???? ???? BP ?? ?? ???? ?? 1,000 ????? (160 ? 3 ) ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? 1 ??? (1.6 ???) ??? ??? ??? ??????. [49] ?? 29 ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????5,000 ????? (790 ? 3 ) ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. [50] ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????. [51] ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ≪?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????≫ ??????? ???? ?????. ????? 1 ???? 2010? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫. ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? 27 ???? 2010? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? 5,000 ????? ??? ??? (790 ? 3 /?) ??? 12000-19,000 ????? ??? ??? (3,000 ? 3 /?) [52] ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? 15 ????? 2010? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 88 ?????.

?? ????? 2015? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? 18.7 ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? 400 ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? 54 ????? ?????. [53]

???????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???. [54]

???? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? 12 ???? 2016? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ≪??????≫ ??????? ????? ?? 2100 ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? 2 by 13 ??? (3.2 by 20.9 ???) ?? ????? ?????? ?? 97 ??? (156 ???) ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . [54]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "Gulf of Mexico ? a sea in Atlantic Ocean" . www.deepseawaters.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-31.
  2. ^ "Gulf of Mexico" . ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? . 1 ????? 2000. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-08 .
  3. ^ GNIS Detail - Gulf of Mexico ???? ?????? 2020-06-08 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  4. ^ ? ? ? Huerta, A.D., and D.L. Harry (2012) Wilson cycles, tectonic inheritance, and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin. Geosphere. 8(1):GES00725.1, first published on March 6, 2012, ????? : 10.1130/GES00725.1
  5. ^ ? ? "General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico" . epa.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-12 .
  6. ^ "Gulf of Mexico Fact Sheet" . U.S. Energy Information Administration . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-03-26 .
  7. ^ ? ? ? ? Salvador, A. (1991) Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico basin , in A. Salvador, ed., p. 389-444, The Gulf of Mexico Basin: The Geology of North America, v. J., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.
  8. ^ ? ? ? Stern, R.J., and W.R. Dickinson (2010) The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin. Geosphere. 6(6):739?754. ???? ?????? 2011-10-05 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  9. ^ Van Arsdale, R. B. (2009) Adventures Through Deep Time: The Central Mississippi River Valley and Its Earthquakes. Special Paper no. 455, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. 107 pp.
  10. ^ Cox, R. T., and R. B. Van Arsdale (2002) The Mississippi Embayment, North America: a first order continental structure generated by the Cretaceous superplume mantle event. Journal of Geodynamics. 34:163?176.
  11. ^ Zell? P.? Stinnesbeck? W. & Beckmann? S. (2016). "Late Jurassic aptychi from the La Caja Formation of northeastern Mexico" . Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana . ?. 68 ?. 3: 515?536. DOI : 10.18268/BSGM2016v68n3a8 .
  12. ^ Buffler, R. T., 1991, Early Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico Basin , in D. Goldthwaite, ed., pp. 1?15, Introduction to Central Gulf Coast Geology, New Orleans Geological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana.
  13. ^ ? ? ? ? Galloway, W. E., 2008, Depositional evolution of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin. in K.J. Hsu, ed., pp. 505?549, The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada, Sedimentary Basins of the World. v. 5, Elsevier, The Netherlands.
  14. ^ ? ? Sawyer, D. S., R. T. Buffler, and R. H. Pilger, Jr., 1991, The crust under the Gulf of Mexico basin , in A. Salvador, ed., pp. 53?72, The Gulf of Mexico Basin: The Geology of North America, v. J., ??????? ?????????? ????????? [??????????] , ????? .
  15. ^ ? ? "gulfbase.org" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-12-10.
  16. ^ Stanton, M. S., 2002, Is the Gulf's Origin Heaven Sent? AAPG Explorer (Dec. 2002) American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Tulsa Oklahoma. ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  17. ^ Mickus? K.? Stern? R. J.? Keller? G. R.? Anthony? E. Y. (2009). "Potential field evidence for a volcanic rifted margin along the Texas Gulf Coast". Journal of Geology . ?. 37 ?. 5: 387?390. DOI : 10.1130/g25465a.1 .
  18. ^ Stern? R.J.? Dickinson? W.R. (2010). "The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic back-arc Basin" . Geosphere . ?. 6 ?. 6: 739?754. DOI : 10.1130/GES00585.1 .
  19. ^ Niiler? Eric (5 ???? 2016). "Deep-Sea Brine Lake Dubbed 'Jacuzzi of Despair' " . seeker.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-12-18 .
  20. ^ Kevin Knight (2009). "Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville" . newadvent.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-09-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-05-08 .
  21. ^ "FPAN Home" . Florida Public Archaeology . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-09.
  22. ^ "Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck" . Nautilus Productions . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-26.
  23. ^ Opdyke? Mark (2007). "Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck Documentary" . The Museum of Underwater Archaeology . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-28.
  24. ^ "Historic Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico" . gomr.mms.gov . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-10-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-02-22 .
  25. ^ Daniel J. Warren? Robert A. Church. "The Discovery of U ? 166 : Rewriting History with New Technology" . Offshore Technology Conference. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-12-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-07-31 .
  26. ^ "Gulf of Mexico Watershed" . EPA.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-12-06 .
  27. ^ National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1. Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA . doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: March 16, 2015] ???? ?????? 13 ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  28. ^ Amante, C. and B.W. Eakins, 2009. ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA . doi:10.7289/V5C8276M [access date: March 18, 2015]. ???? ?????? 2020-12-16 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  29. ^ "National Water Program Guidance: FY 2005" . epa.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-01-21 .
  30. ^ "TSHA | Gulf of Mexico" . www.tshaonline.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-21 .
  31. ^ "Warm Waters Provide Fuel for Potential Storms" . NASA Earth Observatory . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2006-05-05 .
  32. ^ "Gulf of Mexico Earthquakes" . users.clas.ufl.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-21 .
  33. ^ "Central Florida Feels Quake" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-08-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2006-12-27 .
  34. ^ "6.0 Magnitude Earthquake in Gulf of Mexico Shakes Southeast" . www.observernews.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-09-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2006-09-10 .
  35. ^ ? ? United States Geological Survey, September 11, 2006 ???? ?????? October 14, 2006, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  36. ^ Jr? S. Warren Heaton (????? 2013). "Mexico's Attempt to Extend its Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Serves as a Model for the International Community, Mexican Law Review, Volume V, Number 2, Jan.? June 2013" (PDF) . Mexican Law Review . ?. 1 ?. 10. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04.
  37. ^ Di Mauro? Rosana? Kupchik? Matthew J.? Benfield? Mark C. (?????? 2017). "Abundant plankton-sized microplastic particles in shelf waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico". Environmental Pollution . ?. 230: 798?809. DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.030 . PMID : 28734261 .
  38. ^ ? ? Donn? Jeff (7 ????? 2010). "Gulf home to 27,000 abandoned wells". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. ?. 1A.
  39. ^ Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region (November 2006). "Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales: 2007?2012. Western Planning Area Sales 204, 207, 210, 215, and 218. Central Planning Area Sales 205, 206, 208, 213, 216, and 222. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Volume I: Chapters 1?8 and Appendices". U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans. page 3-27?3-34 PDF ???? ?????? March 26, 2009, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  40. ^ Rosel E. P.. Corkeron P.. Engleby L.. Epperson D.. Mullin D. K.. Soldevilla S. M.. Taylor L. B.. 2016. STATUS REVIEW OF BRYDE’S WHALES (BALAENOPTERA EDENI) IN THE GULF OF MEXICO UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT . NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-692 ???? ?????? 7 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  41. ^ Zongker? Brett (21 ????? 2010). "Smithsonian Holdings to Aid Researchers in the Gulf" . Associated Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-07-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-29 .
  42. ^ Coddington? Jonathan (15 ????? 2010). "Testimony to the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs, Oceans and Wildlife; Committee on Natural Resources; U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF) . [Smithsonian Ocean Portal]. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2010-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-29 .
  43. ^ "The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2006-12-27 .
  44. ^ Davis, Jack E. (2018). The Gulf: the Making of an American Sea. New York: Liveright Publishing Corp. p. 416. ( ???? 978-1-63149-402-4 ).
  45. ^ Joel Achenbach, "A 'Dead Zone' in The Gulf of Mexico: Scientists Say Area That Cannot Support Some Marine Life Is Near Record Size" , Washington Post , July 31, 2008 ???? ?????? 3 ???? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  46. ^ "New Jersey-Size 'Dead Zone' Is Largest Ever in Gulf of Mexico" . National Geographic . 2 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-14.
  47. ^ Thomas? Peter? Md Saydur Rahman (2012). "Extensive Reproductive Disruption, Ovarian Masculinization and Aromatase Suppression in Atlantic Croaker in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . ?. 279 ?. 1726: 28?38. DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2011.0529 . PMC : 3223642 . PMID : 21613294 .
  48. ^ "Burning oil rig sinks, setting stage for spill; 11 still missing" , by Kevin McGill and Holbrook Mohr ( ??????? ??? ), ????? ???? , April 23, 2010 ???? ?????? 2015-09-06 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  49. ^ "Well from sunken rig leaking oil" , by Cain Burdeau ( ??????? ??? ), ????? ???? , April 25, 2010 ???? ?????? 2015-06-08 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  50. ^ Robertson? Campbell? Kaufman? Leslie (28 ????? 2010). "Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-08.
  51. ^ "Race to plug leaking oil well off La. spurs new tactics" , by Cain Burdeau ( ??????? ??? ), ????? ???? , April 27, 2010 ???? ?????? 2015-06-08 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  52. ^ "Gulf Oil Spill Worst in U.S. History; Drilling Postponed" , by Marianne Lavelle, ????? ???????? ????????? , May 27, 2010 "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-21 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  53. ^ Ed Crooks? Christopher Adams. "BP: Into uncharted waters" . ft.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-08-10 .
  54. ^ ? ? Chow? Lorraine (13 ???? 2016). "Shell Oil Spill Dumps Nearly 90,000 Gallons of Crude into Gulf" . EcoWatch . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-06-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-06-06 .
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????_???????&oldid=64576356 ≫