方?各?
(
拉丁語
:
Ordines Franciscani
),又稱
方濟會
,是
天主?
托?修?
派?之一。?些修?由
亞西西的方濟各
于1209年?立,分?三大?:
始創人
[
??
]
創始人?
亞西西的方濟各
,原名?瓦尼·??多?(Giovanni Benadone),他年輕時常?酒作樂,父親甚?擔憂,方濟曾在反對王公
貴族
的
戰役
中被擄達一年之久,之後又染重病,一步一步地讓他悔改歸正,於1208年之後開始在?西西周圍遊行,?助困苦無依之人?重修?堂。過著模?基督耶?、極度貧窮的生活,他相信以此種方式才能脫離世俗、不受影響、專心?從基督。
[2]
此派修道士的特點是:將所有財物都捐給窮人、?布施行乞過生活、直屬羅馬?宗的管轄、潛心?究學問、四處講道,甚至最後成??宗用來壓制異端的工具,這些行乞修會成員對當時西歐的生活?生非常驚人的影響
[3]
。
歷史
[
??
]
方??效忠
羅馬?廷
,重????究和文化?育事?,反?
?端
,?傳揚福音而到?游方。於1209年由
意大利
?西西的聖方濟
得?宗
依?森三世
的批准成立。1223年?宗
何諾三世
批准其重新撰寫第二??。
初??,??不置??,?雙手工作?生,有需要時則行乞,故?托鉢派。及後,方濟會日益興旺,獲准擁有?業,難再過貧苦生活,?部因而分裂?守?派、住院派和
嘉布遣派
三支派。其中,守?派改革當時日趨安逸的修會,主張堅守方濟最初創會的?導過貧窮生活、他們因拒?接受?宗要他們改變規例而遭到迫害,?在16世??通???向外?展;接受改變規例的方濟會士稱之?住院派。
[4]
方?的同?
佳蘭
(加辣,嘉勒)在方??建的女修??任第一任??,倡??修,?方?第二?(又?佳蘭?)。方濟亦?在俗人士?立了第三?,入?者不必出家,只?在修?指?下?福音生活。
中國
[
??
]
1289年,方濟會會士
孟高維諾
總主?,受???廷派遣前往時?
元朝
統治的
中?
。?海路,1291年抵?
泉州
,1294年抵?
大都
(今
北京
),是?最早期的??天主?
傳?士
(當時?未有基督新?)。
天主?在元末中?中?之后,于明末再度?入中?。方??再次?入中?是?1633年抵?福建福安的
利安?
(Antonio de Santa Maria Caballero,OFM,1602-1669)神父?始。
現時運作
[
??
]
全球小兄弟會的總中心設於
羅馬
,由以總會長?首的服務團隊(參議員)作中央協調。一萬五千多名的小兄弟分佈於113個國家,?屬於不同會省。台灣及香港小兄弟合?中華之后會省;香港兄弟屬於
孟高維諾會區
,屬於中華之后會省
[5]
。
註釋
[
??
]
參考文獻
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]
書籍
[
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]
- The Poor and the Perfect: The Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order, 1209?1310
by Neslihan Senocak. (Cornell University Press; 2012) 280 pages; shows how Franciscans shifted away from an early emphasis on poverty and humility and instead emphasized educational roles
- A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517
by
John Richard Humpidge Moorman
,
Franciscan Institute
Publications, 1988.
ISBN 978-0-8199-0921-3
- Origins of the Franciscan Order
by Cajetan Esser, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1970.
ISBN 978-0-8199-0408-9
- The Leonine Union of the Order of Friars Minor
by Maurice Carmody, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.
ISBN 978-1-57659-084-3
- Friars Minor in China: 1294 ? 1944
, by Arnulf Camps and Pat McCloskey, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1996.
ISBN 978-1-57659-002-7
- In the Name of St. Francis: A History of the Friars Minor and Franciscanism until the Early Sixteenth Century
, by Grado Giovanni Merlo, translated by Robert J. Karris and Raphael Bonanno, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2009.
ISBN 978-1-57659-155-0
- The History of Franciscan Theology
, by Kenan Osborne, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.
ISBN 978-1-57659-032-4
- Friars Minor in Ireland from Their Arrival to 1400
, by Francis Cotter, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994.
ISBN 978-1-57659-083-6
- The Franciscan Spirituals and the Capuchin Reform
, by Thaddeus MacVicar, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986.
ISBN 978-1-57659-086-7
- Medieval Franciscan Houses
, by John R. H. Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1983.
ISBN 978-1-57659-079-9
- A Poor Man's Legacy: An Anthology of Franciscan Poverty
, by Cyprian Lynch, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1989.
ISBN 978-1-57659-069-0
- The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages
, by E. Randolph Daniel, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1992.
ISBN 0-8131-1315-6
- Peace and Good in America, A History of the Holy Name Province, Order of the Friars Minor, 1850s to the Present
, by Joseph M. White, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004.
ISBN 978-1-57659-196-3
- The Birth of a Movement
, by David Flood and Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1975.
ISBN 978-0-8199-0567-3
- A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517
by John R. H. Moorman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1968)
ISBN 0-19-826425-9
; reprint: Franciscan Herald Press, Chicago, IL (1988)
ISBN 0-8199-0921-1
- Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century
by D.E. Sharp, Oxford University Press, London (1930); (a more recent ed.:
ISBN 0-576-99216-X
)
- Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition)
by C.H. Lawrence,
ISBN 0-582-40427-4
- The Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis
by David Burr.
ISBN 0-271-02128-4
- Francis and Clare: The Complete Works
By Ignatius C. Brady, Regis J. Armstrong, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New Jersey, (1982)
ISBN 0-8091-2446-7
- The Fraternal Economy: A Pastoral Psychology of Franciscan Economics
By David B. Couturier, Cloverdale Books, South Bend (2007)
ISBN 978-1-929569-23-6
- Francis of Assisi: Early Documents
3 Volumes. Edited by Regis J. Armstrong, OFM Cap., J.A. Wayne Hellmann, OFM Conv., and William J. Short, OFM. New York: New City Press. Copyright 1999, Franciscan Institute of Saint Bonaventure University, Saint Bonaventure, NY.
ISBN 978-1-56548-110-7
.
- "The Franciscan Story" by Maurice Carmody, Athena Press Publishing Co. UK (2008).
ISBN 1-84748-141-8
;
ISBN 978-1-84748-141-2
- "Santo Antonio de Lisboa - Da Ciencia da Escritura ao Livro da Natureza", Maria Candida Monteiro Pacheco, Imprensa Nacional casa da Moeda,Lisboa, (1997),
ISBN 972-27-0855-4
- "O Simbolismo da Natureza em Santo Antonio de Lisboa", Jose Acacio Aguiar e Castro,Universidade Catolica Portugesa- Fundacao Engº Antonio de Almeida, Porto, 1997, ISBN UCP 972-9290.13-X /FEAA 972-8386-03-6
文章
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外部連結
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