拜占庭?

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拜占庭? 是一套 拜占庭（???）帝? ? ?正?? ?史上使用?的?法，?史上被?作“自 ?世 以?的??年（ 古希臘語 ： ?τη Γεν?σεω? Κ?σμου κατ? ?ωμα?ου? ） [1] ”或“?世年（古希??：?το? Κτ?σεω? Κ?σμου）”或“世界年（古希??：?το? Κ?σμου）”。 ?正? 的 普世牧首?? 于?公元691年至1728年 [2] ，拜占庭帝?官方于988年-1453年， ?斯 ??于?988年-?1700年使用?套?法，其他受拜占庭影??大的?家，如 塞??? 、 保加利? ?史上也曾使用???法。

?套?法? 儒略? 基本相同，主要??有?点，一是以每年9月1日?新年第一天， ?年法 ?采用 世界?元 ，?以 上帝?世 的第一天??年之始。拜占庭宗?界以《 ???? 》 七十士?本 中的???基?推算的上帝?世之年相?于 公元 前5509年，拜占庭?的第一年?前5509年9月1日-前5508年8月31日。

來源 [ ?? ]

  1. ^ Pavel Kuzenkov. "How Old is The World?: The Byzantine Era and its Rivals". Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21?26 August 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23?24.
  2. ^ （希臘語） "Οικουμενικ?ν Πατριαρχε?ον", ΘΗΕ, τ?μ. 09, εκδ. Μαρτ?νο? Αθ., Αθ?να 1966, στ. 778.
    （英語） "Ecumenical Patriarchate". Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia . Vol. 9., Athens, 1966. p. 778.

外部?接 [ ?? ]

Hebrew calendar

更多閱讀 [ ?? ]

一手來源 [ ?? ]

  • Doukas （ 英? ： Doukas ） . Decline and Fall of Byzantium To The Ottoman Turks . An Annotated Translation by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, 1975.
  • George Syncellus （ 英? ： George Syncellus ） . The Chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation . Transl. Prof. Dr. William Adler & Paul Tuffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • 阿伯拉罕·伊本·埃?拉 , Abraham ben Meir, (1092?1167). Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Genesis (Bereshit) . (Vol.1 ? Genesis). Transl. and annotated by H. Norman Strickman & Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub. Co., New York, N.Y., 1988.
  • 塞克斯?斯·尤利?斯·阿非利加努斯 . Extant Writings III. The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.
  • 尼基塔斯·?尼?提斯 . O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates. Transl. by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984.
  • 老普林尼 . 博物志 (老普林尼) , XVIII, 210.
  • St. 該撒利亞的巴西流 . Hexæmeron . Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd Series (NPNF2). Transl. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D. (1819?1893): Volume VIII ? Basil: Letters and Select Works . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan.
  • St. 普瓦捷的依拉略 . On the Trinity . Book IV.
  • The Rudder (Pedalion) : Comp. Hieromonk Agapius and monk Nicodemus the Hagiorite （ 英? ： Nicodemus the Hagiorite ） . First printed and published 1800. Trans. D. Cummings, [from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908], Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957. Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983.
  • 宣信者狄奧法內斯 . The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284?813 . Cyril Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • 安?克的狄?菲?斯 . Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus. Book III. Chap XXIV (Chronology from Adam) ? Chap. XXVIII (Leading Chronological Epochs).

二手來源 [ ?? ]

21世紀

20世紀

  • Barry Setterfield. Ancient Chronology in Scripture . September 1999.
  •  
    Chisholm, Hugh (?). Chronology . Encyclopædia Britannica 6 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press : 305?318. 1911.  
  • Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder . "Biblical Chronology in the Hellenistic World Chronicles". in The Harvard Theological Review , Vol.61, No.3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 451?481.
  • Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder . Essays on Jewish Chronology and Chronography . Ktav Pub. House, 1976.
  • Dr. Floyd Nolan Jones. Chronology of the Old Testament . Master Books, Arizona, 1993. Repr. 2005. (supports Ussher's chronology, i.e. 4004 BC).
  • E.G. Richards. Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History . Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Elias J. Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World . 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. 1980.
  • Fr. Stanley S. Harakas . The Orthodox Church: 455 Questions and Answers . Light & Life Publishing, Minneapolis, 1988.
  • George Ogg. "Hippolytus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". in Vigiliae Christianae , Vol.16, No.1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 2?18.
  • Howlett, J. " Biblical Chronology ". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent) . New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
  • Jack Finegan. Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible . Hendrickson Publishers, 1998.
  • Prof. Dr. William Adler. Time Immemorial: Archaic History and its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus . Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989.
  • K.A. Worp. Chronological Observations on Later Byzantine Documents . 1985. University of Amsterdam.
  • Foss, Clive. "Three Apparent Early Examples of the Era of Creation". Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik , Bd. 31 (1978), pp. 241?246.
  • Roger S. Bagnall, K. A. Worp. The Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt . Zutphen, 1978.
  • V. Grumel. La Chronologie . Presses Universitaires France, Paris. 1958.
  • Rev. Philip Schaff (1819?1893), Ed. "Era." Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge New Edition, 13 Vols., 1908?14. Vol. 4, pp. 163 .
  • Van der Essen, L. " Chronicon Paschale ". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent) . New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
  • Yiannis E. Meimaris. Chronological Systems in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia . Athens, 1992.

19世紀以及更早

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