??????? ( ????? : Preußen ; ???????? : Prussia ???? Borussia, Prutenia ; ????? : Pr?sija ; ??????? : Pr?sija ; ??????? : Prusy ; ??? ??????? : Pr?sa ) ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? . ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????. ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? .

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??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? , ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??? 13?? ?"?, ??? "?????????" ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? . ??? 1308 ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? . ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???, ??? ????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? . ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ? ????'???? ????, ???????? ?????? , ?? ?????????? ??? ????? , ??? ? ????'???? ????, ???? 1525 ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? . ??? 1618 ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????.

??? ??????? ??????? ???? (1618-1648) ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? (1688-1640), ??????? ??????? "??? ??????? ????????", ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????.

?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????????-?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? .

??? 1701 ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????.

?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? 18?? ??? 19??? ?"? . ???? ??? 18?? ??????????? , ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? (1740-86). ???? ??? 19?? ???????????, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?? " ????? ??????????? " ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? .

??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????, ????????, ??? ???? ??? ????????????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? 1867 , ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? 1871 .

??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? , ??? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 1919 . ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 1947 ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? . ^[1]

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