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???????? ( ?????? : ?stanbul ; ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ) ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ???? 27 ????????? ????? ??????? ????????. ^[1] ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????, ??? ????-???? ??? ????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? (??????) ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ( ???????? ) ????? ????????, ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? . ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? (330?395), ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? (395?1204 ??? 1261?1453), ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? (1204?1261), ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? (1453?1922).

??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? . ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? 2010.

??????? ??? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? 15 ?????? ??????????, ^[2] ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????.

???????? 12.56 ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? 2015, ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????. ^[3] ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ^[4] ??? ??? ?????. ^[5] ?? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? . ^[6] ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? . ^[7]

????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

???? ???? ??????, ?????, ??????????, ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? Istanbul ( ?????????? ). ?? ???????? ?????? ? ??????, ?????, ??"?? ? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? . ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?' ??? ??????? ? ?'.

????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? "???? ??? ???????" ? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? -??-?????, ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????????.

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?? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 660 ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ( Βυζ?ντιον ????????? ), ^[8] ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????. ^[9]

????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? , ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? , ???? ??? ???? ?????? 30 ????????? . ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? . ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? " ???????? ???? " ???? ?? "????? ???????? ????"; ?? ??????? ????, ???? ?????? " ???? ?????? ?????? ???? " ???? ?? "??????? ???????? ????", ???? ???? ?"? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? 10 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????.

?? ????????, ???????????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? , ? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????: ??? ?????? ???? (Galata Koprusu) ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????, ??????? ???? (Ataturk Koprusu) ???????? 750 ????? ??????? ??? ?????? (Halic Koprusu) ???? ????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? (Cevre yolu - D100/O-1). ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? .

?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ????; ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????????. ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????-???????? ????? (KAFK, Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hattı) - ? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ??? ? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????. ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????.

????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

????????? ????? ??????????? ????? O-3, O-2, O-1 ??? O-4. ??? O-1 ??? ??? ?????? ????-????? ??? ???? ????? ??? (??????) ???????? ????. ??? O-2 ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????-????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (???????? ????????) ????, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? . ??? O-4 ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? . ??? 2011, ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? 400,000 ?????????? ???? ???. ^[10] ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 14.6 ??? ???? ???????? ????? (?????? ??? 20??? ???????? 2016) ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. ^[11]

????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ?????????? , ?????, ?????, ???? ??? ?????? . ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????, ?????????? ??? 2009. ^[12] ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? 1872, ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????, ??? ??? ?? 1960?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????. ^[13] ??? ?? 1990?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? 265,000 ????????? ???? ???. ^[13]^[14] ??? 1875 ??? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? (??? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ). ^[13]

??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ^[15]^[16] ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????-????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????, ????????? ??? 2013 ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ^[17] ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????, ??? 2.2 ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???. ^[18]

?DO (??????? ???????) ??????? ? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????-???-????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????, ??????? ???? ??????? ??. ^[19]^[20] ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?DO ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??? ?????. ^[21] ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????, ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??.

?????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? , ?????? ??? ? ???????? ???? ????? ? ?????.

????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

↑ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Districts of Istanbul , archived from the original on 2008-12-04 , https://web.archive.org/web/20081204230400/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/AuthorityArea/Pages/Districts.aspx , ????????? 2008-12-01
↑ The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2018 . Turkish Statistical Institute (‏‏1?? ??????? 2019). ????????? ??? ‏1?? ??????? 2019.
↑ MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index .
↑ The World According to GaWC 2010 . Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network . Loughborough University. ????????? ??? 8?? ??? 2012.
↑ Global Growth on the Orient Express . Brookings Institution blog "The Avenue" (‏‏1?? ???????? 2010). ????????? ??? 14?? ????? 2013.
↑ (???? 2008) OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey . The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ISBN 978-92-64-04383-1 .
↑ IOC selects three cities as Candidates for the 2020 Olympic Games . The International Olympic Committee (‏‏24??? ??? 2012). ????????? ??? 18?? ???? 2012.
↑ Isaac 1986 , p. 218
↑ ??????:ODB
↑ Efe & Curebal 2011 , p. 720
↑ Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open . Anadolu Agency (‏‏19?? ???????? 2016).
↑ Songun, Sevim (‏ 16?? ???? 2010). Istanbul Commuters Skeptical of Transit Change . Hurriyet Daily News . ????????? ??? 5?? ???? 2012.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Chronological History of IETT . Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 16?? ???? 2012. ????????? ??? 1?? ????? 2012.
↑ T1 Ba?cılar?Kabata? Tramvay Hattı (??????) . ?stanbul Ula?ım A.?. (??????? ????????? ??????????). ????????? ??? 20??? ??????? 2012.
↑ Raylı Sistemler (??????) . ?stanbul Ula?ım A.?. (??????? ????????? ??????????). ????????? ??? 20??? ??????? 2012.
↑ A? Haritaları (??????) . ?stanbul Ula?ım A.?. (??????? ????????? ??????????). ????????? ??? 20??? ??????? 2012.
↑ Turkey: Connecting Continents . Economic Updates . Oxford Business Group (‏7?? ???? 2012). ????????? ??? 3?? ????? 2012.
↑ Public Transportation in Istanbul . Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 4?? ?????? 2013. ????????? ??? 3?? ????? 2012.
↑ Interaktif Haritalar | ?c Hatlar (??????) . ?DO. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 31??? ??? 2012. ????????? ??? 3?? ????? 2012.
↑ Dı? Hatlar (??????) . ?DO. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 16?? ???? 2012. ????????? ??? 3?? ????? 2012.
↑ Grytsenko, Sergiy (26?? ????????? 2011). EBRD Supports Privatisation of Ferry Operations in Istanbul . The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 17?? ???? 2013. ????????? ??? 4?? ???? 2012.

??? • ???? • ??????

?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? : ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????

????????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ????????? ? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ? ????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ???? ? ????? ? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ? ???? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ???????

[1] Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Districts of Istanbul , archived from the original on 2008-12-04 , https://web.archive.org/web/20081204230400/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/AuthorityArea/Pages/Districts.aspx , ????????? 2008-12-01

[Population_of_Turkey-2] The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2018 . Turkish Statistical Institute (‏‏1?? ??????? 2019). ????????? ??? ‏1?? ??????? 2019.

[Mastercard-3] MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index .

[4] The World According to GaWC 2010 . Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network . Loughborough University. ????????? ??? 8?? ??? 2012.

[Berube-5] Global Growth on the Orient Express . Brookings Institution blog "The Avenue" (‏‏1?? ???????? 2010). ????????? ??? 14?? ????? 2013.

[oecd-6] (???? 2008) OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey . The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ISBN 978-92-64-04383-1 .

[olympic.org-7] IOC selects three cities as Candidates for the 2020 Olympic Games . The International Olympic Committee (‏‏24??? ??? 2012). ????????? ??? 18?? ???? 2012.

[8] Isaac 1986 , p. 218

[ODB-9] ??????:ODB

[10] Efe & Curebal 2011 , p. 720

[11] Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open . Anadolu Agency (‏‏19?? ???????? 2016).

[12] Songun, Sevim (‏ 16?? ???? 2010). Istanbul Commuters Skeptical of Transit Change . Hurriyet Daily News . ????????? ??? 5?? ???? 2012.

[iett-history-13] Chronological History of IETT . Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 16?? ???? 2012. ????????? ??? 1?? ????? 2012.

[14] T1 Ba?cılar?Kabata? Tramvay Hattı (??????) . ?stanbul Ula?ım A.?. (??????? ????????? ??????????). ????????? ??? 20??? ??????? 2012.

[15] Raylı Sistemler (??????) . ?stanbul Ula?ım A.?. (??????? ????????? ??????????). ????????? ??? 20??? ??????? 2012.

[16] A? Haritaları (??????) . ?stanbul Ula?ım A.?. (??????? ????????? ??????????). ????????? ??? 20??? ??????? 2012.

[17] Turkey: Connecting Continents . Economic Updates . Oxford Business Group (‏7?? ???? 2012). ????????? ??? 3?? ????? 2012.

[18] Public Transportation in Istanbul . Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 4?? ?????? 2013. ????????? ??? 3?? ????? 2012.

[19] Interaktif Haritalar | ?c Hatlar (??????) . ?DO. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 31??? ??? 2012. ????????? ??? 3?? ????? 2012.

[20] Dı? Hatlar (??????) . ?DO. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 16?? ???? 2012. ????????? ??? 3?? ????? 2012.

[21] Grytsenko, Sergiy (26?? ????????? 2011). EBRD Supports Privatisation of Ferry Operations in Istanbul . The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 17?? ???? 2013. ????????? ??? 4?? ???? 2012.

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