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????? ??? ? ??????????? ???? 58 ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? . ????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ??? , ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??-???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????.

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??? ??? ???? 1960?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? 30 ???, ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???, ???'? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? . ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ????.

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??? 1980 ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????.

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??? 1991 ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?. ??. ??? ?????????? ?????, ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? , ???? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????'? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? . ???? ??? ????? , ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? .

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????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????-?????? 29° ??? N‏ 38° , ??? ?????????? 39° ??? 49°E ‏ (? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? 39°). ??? ? ??? ??? 437,072 ??? 2 (168,754 ???????? ????), ??? ????? ??? 58??-?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? . ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? , ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? .

  ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? , ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ( ??? ??? ????? ) ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? 60,000,000 ? 3 ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? . ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????; ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? (???????? ??????), ???? 3,611 ?. ????? ??? ? ?????? ??????????? ???? 58 ??? (36 ????) ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? . ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????????????? (???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????????? : ????????) ???? ???? ??????????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ?? 1990?? ????.

???????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? 95 ??????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????-????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ? ??????. ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ? ??????????? ??????, ??? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? 100 ??????? ?????????? ????? . ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? 1988 ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????. ? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ????????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? (???????? 3 ??????? ????? ? ???) ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? .

??? 20??? ????????? 2004 ???? ?? 19 ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? 80 ??????? (33 ??????? ?????) ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? (42 ??????? ?????) ?? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? 2003 ???? 120 ??????? ?????, ??? ???????? ??? ??? 2004 ??? ????? ??????? ?????.

??? ??? 2005 ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? 2006 ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????????? 16 ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? [1] , ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? 2006 ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 58??? ???? ??? ??? ????? .

?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? .

???? ??? ??????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??? ???????? ??? 143.1 ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????, ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? . ??? ???????? 2012 ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? 3.4 ?????? ????? ? ???. ????? ??? ??? ???????? 2,000 ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ??? 1 ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? .

??? ??? 2010 ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????.

?????? ??????? ??? ????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????.

?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????.

91% ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 77% ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? 98% ??? ??????? ??????. [2]

?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????. [2]

?????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??? 2016 ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? 37,202,572. ??????? ??????????? ??? 1878 ??? ?????? ?? ???? 2 ??????. [3] ??? 2013 ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? 35 ?????? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????. [4]

?????? ?????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?????? ????? 75%?80% ??? ??? ???????????. [5] 15% ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? . ???????, ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???? ???????, ??????? , ????????, ??????? , ???????, ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? 5%?10% ??? ??? ???????????. [5] [6] ???????? 20,000 ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. [7]

??????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ???? , ??? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????.

????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

  1. ↑ Top 10 Battles for the Control of Iraq . Livescience.com. ????????? ??? 2009-03-23.
  2. ↑ a b UN Iraq Joint Analysis and Policy Unit (March 2013). Water in Iraq Factsheet .
  3. ↑ Charles Philip Issawi (1988). The Fertile Crescent, 1800?1914: A Documentary Economic History . Oxford University Press, 17. ISBN 978-0-19-504951-0 . ????????? ??? 2016-08-17.  
  4. ↑ ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? 35 ?????? . Aswat Al Iraq (‏2013-04-27). ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 14?? ??????, 2015. ????????? ??? 2013-07-01.
  5. ↑ a b Iraq . ????? ??????? .
  6. ↑ Assyria. UNPO (2008-03-25). ????????? ??? 2013-12-08.
  7. ↑ Sharp, Heather (‏March 3, 2003). " BBC News ? Iraq's 'devastated' Marsh Arabs " . ????????? ??? 2008-05-01 .  


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