???????????????

??????????????????
?????????????????? ; Eesti Vabariik (?????????)
	?????? ??????????
	???????? : " ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? "
	?????????? ??????????????? ( ????????? ) ? ?? ????? ( ????? & ??????? ) ; ? ?? ?????????? ( ????? ) ? [ ????????????????? ]
????????? ; ???????????????	???????? a ; 59°25′N 24°45′E / 59.417°N 24.750°E
?????????? ; ????????????????	????????? b
??????????????? (2021)	68.8% ????????? ; 24.2% ??????? ; 2.0% ?????? ; 0.8% ??????? ; 0.6% ???????? ; 3.4% ???? ? ;
????? (?.?. 2011 )	64.87% ????? ; 34.03% ?????? ; ?19.87% ???????????????????? ; ?12.02% ???????? ; ?2.14% ??????????????? ? ; 1.10% ???? ? ;
?????????	????????? ????????? ??????????
? ????????????	?????? ?????
? ????????????	???? ??????
? ??????????????	????? ???????
??????????????	Riigikogu
?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????
? ??????????????	12 ?????? ?.?. 1917
? ??????	24 ?????????? ?.?. 1918
? ???????????????	2 ?????????? ?.?. 1920
? ???????????????	16 ???????? ?.?. 1940
? ???????????????	1941?1944
? ???????????????	1944?1991
? ???????????????????	20 ??????? ?.?. 1991
? ???????? ????	1 May 2004
???????
? ???	45,339 ????????????? (17,505 ?????????) ( ????????? 129 d )
? ???????? (%)	5.16 (?? ?.?. 2015)
???????
? ?.?. 2021 ??????	1,330,068
?	1,294,455
? ???????????	30.9 ???????????????? (80.0 ????????????) ( ????????? 148 )
?????? ( ????????? )	?.?. 2021 (??????)
? ???	49.644 ???????????????????
? ??????	41,892 ???????????? ( ????????? 41 )
?????? (????????)	?.?. 2021 (??????)
? ???	35.187 ??????????????????? ( ????????? 97 )
? ??????	27,101 ???????????? ( ????????? 39 )
???? (?.?. 2020)	30.5 ; ???????
??????? (?.?. 2019)	0.892 ; ?????? · ????????? 29
????????	???? ( € ) ( EUR )
???????	UTC +02:00 ( ????????????????? )
? ??????? ( ?????????? )	UTC +03:00 ( ??????????????????????? )
?????????	??????
????????????	+372
??????????	.ee c
	????????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ; ????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ; ??? .eu ??????????????????????????????? ;

59°N 26°E / 59°N 26°E / 59; 26

????????? ( ?????? : Estonia ; ????????? : Eesti , [?eːs?ti] ( ???????? ) ) ????????????????? ?????????????????? ( ?????? : Republic of Estonia ; ????????? : Eesti Vabariik ) ???? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????? (??????? 343 ???????? ) ??????????????????????? ????????????? (??????? 338.6 ???????? ) ?????????????????? 45,227 ????????????? (17,462 ????????? ) (????????? 131 ??????) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 15 ??????? ????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????

??????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2461 ??????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????

????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? Saiema ?????????????????????????????????? 100 ?? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? (??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 4 ????????????????????????????)

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????? (Harju) ?????????????? ????????
??????????? (Hiiu) ?????????????? ???????
???????????-???? (Ida-Viru) ?????????????? ???????
????????????? (Jarva) ?????????????? ????
?????????????? (Jogeva) ?????????????? ???????
??????????? (Laane) ?????????????? ???????
???????????-???? (Laane-Viru) ?????????????? ???????
????????????? (Parnu) ?????????????? ??????
????????????? (Polva) ?????????????? ??????
???????????? (Rapla) ?????????????? ?????
??????????? (Saare) ?????????????? ??????????
????????????? (Tartu) ?????????????? ??????
???????????? (Valga) ?????????????? ?????
??????????????? (Viljandi) ?????????????? ????????
???????????? (Voru) ?????????????? ?????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ "PHC 2011: over a quarter of the population are affiliated with a particular religion" . Statistics Estonia . 29 April 2013. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 24 November 2017 . ??????????? 9 January 2014 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )
↑ "Information About Estonia 2021" . ??????????? 10 September 2021 .
↑ "Surface water and surface water change" . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . ??????????? 2020-10-11 .
↑ "Population at beginning of year" . Statistics Estonia. 2021. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2021-10-01 . ??????????? 2021-09-18 .
↑ "PHC 2011 RESULTS" . Statistics Estonia. 2011. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 10 October 2016 . ??????????? 26 January 2016 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "Estonia" . International Monetary Fund. 2021.
↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income" . EU-SILC survey . Eurostat . ??????????? 9 August 2021 .
↑ "2020 Human Development Report" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 2019 . ??????????? 15 December 2020 .

???????? [ ??? ]

?????????? [ ??? ]

Jaak Kangilaski et al. (2005) Valge raamat (1940?1991) ???????? 2011-05-03 ??? ?????????????? , Justiitsministeerium, ISBN 9985-70-194-1 .
IEA (2013). Estonia 2013 . Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries / Ukraine . Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries. doi : 10.1787/9789264190801-en . ISBN 978-92-6419079-5 . ISSN 2307-0897 .

????????? [ ??? ]

Giuseppe D'Amato Travel to the Baltic Hansa ???????? 2011-05-16 ??? ?????????????? . The European Union and its enlargement to the East. Book in Italian. Viaggio nell'Hansa baltica . L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est. Greco&Greco editori, Milano, 2004. ISBN 88-7980-355-7
Hiden, John; Salmon, Patrick (1991). The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century . London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-08246-3 .
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Lieven, Anatol (1993). The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Path to Independence . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05552-8 .
Meyendorff, Alexander Feliksovich (1922). "Esthonia" . ?? Chisholm, Hugh (?.?.). Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
Naylor, Aliide (2020). The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front . London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781788312523 .
Raun, Toivo U. (1987). Estonia and the Estonians . Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. ISBN 0-8179-8511-5 .
Smith, David J. (2001). Estonia: Independence and European Integration . London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26728-5 .
Smith, Graham, ?.?. (1994). The Baltic States: The National Self-determination of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania . New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-12060-5 .
Subrenat, Jean-Jacques , ?.?. (2004). Estonia, identity and independence . Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-0890-3 .
Taagepera, Rein (1993). Estonia: Return to Independence . Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1199-3 .
Taylor, Neil (2004). Estonia (4th ed.). Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt. ISBN 1-84162-095-5 .
Williams, Nicola; Herrmann, Debra; Kemp, Cathryn (2003). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (3rd ed.). London: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-132-1 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[1] "PHC 2011: over a quarter of the population are affiliated with a particular religion" . Statistics Estonia . 29 April 2013. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 24 November 2017 . ??????????? 9 January 2014 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )

[2] "Information About Estonia 2021" . ??????????? 10 September 2021 .

[3] "Surface water and surface water change" . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . ??????????? 2020-10-11 .

[4] "Population at beginning of year" . Statistics Estonia. 2021. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2021-10-01 . ??????????? 2021-09-18 .

[5] "PHC 2011 RESULTS" . Statistics Estonia. 2011. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 10 October 2016 . ??????????? 26 January 2016 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )

[imf2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 "Estonia" . International Monetary Fund. 2021.

[eurogini-7] "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income" . EU-SILC survey . Eurostat . ??????????? 9 August 2021 .

[HDI-8] "2020 Human Development Report" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 2019 . ??????????? 15 December 2020 .

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