????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????
?????? :	Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya
????????? :	????? ??????? ????? ?????
?????? :	Itiyoppiya Federaalak Demokraatik Rippeblikih
?????? :	?????? ????? ??????? ?????
?????? :	Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itiyoophiyaa
	?????? ??????????
	???????? : " ?????????????? ???????????????????? " ;
????????? ; ???????????????	???????????? ; 9°1′N 38°45′E / 9.017°N 38.750°E
??????????	?????? ; ????????? ; ?????? ; ?????? ; ??????
????????????????	Harari ; Sidama ; ???? ? ;
??????????????? (?.?. 2007 )	34.5% ?????? ; 26.9% ?????? ; 6.2% ?????? ; 6.1% ????????? ; 4.0% ?????? ; 2.5% Gurage ; 2.3% Welayta ; 1.7% Hadiya ; 1.7% ?????? ; 12.6% ???? ? ;
????? (?.?. 2016 )	67.3% ?????? ; ?43.8% ????????????????????? ; ?22.8% P'ent'ay ; ?0.7% ??????????????? ? ; 31.3% ?????? ; 0.6% ?????????????????? ; 0.8% ???? ? / ????? ;
?????????	??????? ???????????????????
? ????????????	?????? ?????? ?????
? ????????????	?????? ????????
??????????????	????????????????
? ??????	??????????
? ???????	??????????????
??????????
? ??????? ?????????	?.?. 1270
? Zemene Mesafint	7 ??????? ?.?. 1769
? ?????????	11 ?????????? ?.?. 1855
? ????????	?.?. 1904
? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????????????????????	9 ??????? ?.?. 1936
? ?????????????-??????????	31 ?????? ?.?. 1942
? ???????????????????????????????? ?????	12 ??????? ?.?. 1974
? ?????????????????	28 ??????? ?.?. 1991
? ??????????????????????	21 ??????? ?.?. 1995
???????
? ???	1,104,300 ????????????? (426,400 ?????????) ( ????????? 26 )
? ???????? (%)	0.7
???????
? 2021 ??????	117,876,227 ( ????????? 12 )
? ????????????? 2007	73,750,932
? ???????????	92.7 ???????????????? (240.1 ????????????) ( ????????? 123 )
?????? ( ????????? )	2022 (??????)
? ???	4.01 ??????????????????? ( ????????? 58 )
? ??????	3,407 ????????????
?????? (????????)	2022 (??????)
? ???	1.22591 ??????????????????? ( ????????? 65 )
? ??????	1,040 ????????????
???? (?.?. 2015)	35.0 ; ???????
??????? (?.?. 2019)	0.485 ; ??? · ????????? 173
????????	Birr ( ETB )
???????	UTC +3 ( ??????????????????? )
?????????	??????
????????????	+251
??????????	.et

9°00′N 38°42′E / 9°N 38.7°E / 9; 38.7

?????????? ( ?????? : Ethiopia ; ?????? : Itoobiya ; ????????? : ????? ; ?????? : Itiyoppiya ; ?????? : ????? , ???????? [i.tjo.p’ja] ; ?????? : Itiyoophiyaa ) ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ( ?????? : Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ; ?????? : Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya ; ????????? : ????? ??????? ????? ????? ; ?????? : Itiyoppiya Federaalak Demokraatik Rippeblikih ; ?????? : ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ; ?????? : Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itiyoophiyaa ) ???? ??????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ????? ???????????????????? ^[a]^[15] ????????????????????????? 1,112,000 ????????????? (472,000 ?????????) ^[16] ??????????? 2023 ^[update], ??????????????????? 128 ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? 13 ?????? ????????????????????????? 2 ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ^[17]^[18] ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ^[19]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ? ?? ?????????? ??????? ^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ^[25] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3,000 ?? ^[26]^[27]?? 980 ?????????????????? ???????? D'mt ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 900 ?? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????? 330 ^[28] ???????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 960 ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?.?. 1270 ?????????????? ??????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????????????? 14 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? (?.?. 1529?1543) ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????????????? 18 ????????????????????? 2 ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1855 ??????????????????????????????????????????? ^[29]

??????? ?.?. 1878 ????????? ??????????????????? 2 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? 19 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?? ?.?. 1936 ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????? ?? ?.?. 1941 ??????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1944 ?????????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?.?. 1974 ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? 1 ????????????????? ????????????????????????? 17 ?????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?.?. 1991 ?????????????????????????????????????????? (EPPRDF) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????? ?.?. 2018 ????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[30]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 80 ????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????? ????? 24 ?????????????????????? ????? 77 ??? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?.?. 2024 ^[31]?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ^[32]^[33] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[34] ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? 36 ??? ??????????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2020 ^[35] ???????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????? ^[36] ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ^[37] ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? 49 ^[38]

????????????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? ???????????????????? ?.?. 2479 ?????????????????????????? ?.?. 2484 ????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????? 1 ?????????????????? ?????? ????? ?.?. 2474

??????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?.?. 2515 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2517 ??????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2518 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?.?. 2521 ???????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2531

???????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????? 9 ??? ??? 2 ????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???? 2517 ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2534 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????

???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? 6 ??
???????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????? 2 ??? ??????
??????????????????????????????????????? ?? 112 ???????
?????????????? ?? 547 ???????

?????????? [ ??? ]

??????????? 1,104,300 ????????????? (426,372.61 ?????????), ^[9] ????????????????????????????????????? 28 ?????? ???????????? ? ??? ???????? ?????????????????????? 3 ??????????????????? 15 ????? ??????????????????????????? 33 ???????? ??????????????????????????? 48

?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????

???????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 40 ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2 ?????

???????????? 2534 ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (World Bank) ????????????????????????????? (IMF) ???????????????? Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Programme (SDPRP) ?????????????? IMF ?????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? 12 ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????? ???????? Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) ????????????????????????????????????????? Ogaden ???????????????? 2550 ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? 7.5 ???? 2550-2551 ???????????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ???? Starbucks ??????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? 34.49
?????? ?????? 26.89
?????? ?????? 6.20
??????? ?????? 6.07
?????? ?????? 4.01
????? ?????? 2.53
???????? ?????? 2.31
?????? ?????? 1.74
?????? ?????? 1.73
???? ?????? 1.50
??????? ?????? 1.18

????????????????? ? ????????? 11 ^[39]^[40]

????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????? ?.?. 2550 ???????????????????????? 62.8 ?????? ??????????? (?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 43.5 ???????????? ? ?????? 19.3), ?????? 33.9 ?????? ??????????? , ?????? 2.6 ??????????????????????? ????????? 0.6 ??????????????? ? ^[39]

???????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ^{[
??????????????
]} ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ??????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ "Ethiopia to Add 4 more Official Languages to Foster Unity" . Ventures Africa . 4 March 2020. ???? ????????????????? 14 March 2020 . ??????????? 2 February 2021 .
↑ "Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts" . Nazret . Nazret. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2021-08-17 . ??????????? 2 February 2021 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )
↑ Shaban, Abdurahman. "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages" . Africa News. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 15 December 2020 . ??????????? 23 October 2020 .
↑ "Ethiopian Constitution" .
↑ "Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007" (PDF) . Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results . Population Census Commission. p. 16. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 25 March 2009 . ??????????? 14 December 2020 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "Country Level" . 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia . CSA . 13 July 2010. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 8 February 2019 . ??????????? 18 January 2013 .
↑ "Ethiopia- The World Factbook" . www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ . Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) . ??????????? 19 July 2021 .
↑ "Zenawism as ethnic-federalism" (PDF) .
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 "CIA World Factbook ? Rank Order ? Area" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 9 February 2014 . ??????????? 2 February 2008 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )
↑ "Ethiopia Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 23 May 2021 . ??????????? 23 May 2021 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )
↑ "GDP, PPP (current international $) - Ethiopia, October 2020" . WorldBank.org . World Bank . ??????????? 1 April 2020 .
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 1 December 2020 .
↑ "Gini Index coefficient" . CIA World Factbook . ??????????? 16 July 2021 .
↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 December 2020 .
↑ Ethiopia, Embassy Of (30 July 2023). "Overview Of Ethiopia" . Embassy Of Ethiopia Washington .
↑ Ethiopia, Embassy Of Ethiopia (30 July 2023). "About Ethiopia" . Embassy Of Ethiopia Washington .
↑ "Population Projections for Ethiopia 2007?2037" . www.csa.gov.et . ???? ????????????????? 3 August 2020 . ??????????? 25 September 2020 .
↑ "Ethiopia" . The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency . ??????????? 24 September 2022 . (Archived 2022 edition)
↑ "Ethiopia" . The World Factbook . CIA . ??????????? 5 April 2021 .
↑ Kessler, David F. (2012). The Falashas : a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-283-70872-2 . OCLC 819506475 .
↑ Hopkin, Michael (16 February 2005). "Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of Homo sapiens ". Nature . doi : 10.1038/news050214-10 .
↑ Li, J.Z.; Absher, D.M.; Tang, H.; Southwick, A.M.; Casto, A.M.; Ramachandran, S.; Cann, H.M.; Barsh, G.S.; Feldman, M.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.; Myers, R.M. (2008). "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation". Science . 319 (5866): 1100?04. Bibcode : 2008Sci...319.1100L . doi : 10.1126/science.1153717 . PMID 18292342 . S2CID 53541133 .
↑ "Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says" . Bloomberg News . 21 February 2008. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 29 June 2011 . ??????????? 16 March 2009 .
↑ Kaplan, Karen (21 February 2008). "Around the world from Addis Ababa" . Los Angeles Times . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 3 June 2013 . ??????????? 16 March 2009 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )
↑ Blench, Roger (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past (????English). AltaMira Press. pp. 150?163. ISBN 978-0759104662 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( ????? )
↑ "Ethiopia" . November 2023.
↑ "Ethiopia | People, Flag, Religion, Capital, Map, Population, War, & Facts | Britannica" . 31 October 2023.
↑ Moore, Dale H. (1936). "Christianity in Ethiopia" . Church History . 5 (3): 271?284. doi : 10.2307/3160789 . ISSN 0009-6407 . JSTOR 3160789 . S2CID 162029676 .
↑ "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia" (PDF) . 12 April 2022.
↑ BBC Staff (3 November 2020). "Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state" . BBC (??????????) . ??????????? 25 May 2021 .
↑ "Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Ethiopia formally join BRICS" . Daily News Egypt . 1 January 2024 . ??????????? 1 January 2024 .
↑ "5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch" . World Economic Forum (??????????). 6 September 2019 . ??????????? 10 March 2022 .
↑ Africa, Somtribune (29 August 2020). "Ethiopia Can Be Africa's Next Superpower" . SomTribune (???????????????????) . ??????????? 10 March 2022 .
↑ "Overview" . World Bank (??????????) . ??????????? 2022-06-13 .
↑ "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy" . The Low Ethiopian Reports . 16 June 2022.
↑ "Overview" . World Bank (??????????) . ??????????? 23 December 2021 .
↑ "Ethiopia Poverty Assessment" . World Bank (??????????) . ??????????? 17 December 2018 .
↑ "Major problems facing Ethiopia today" . Africaw .
↑ ^39.0 ^39.1 Berhanu Abegaz, Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities PDF (51.7 KB) . Retrieved 6 April 2006. ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ????????????? ??????????? "bx" ???????????????????????????
↑ Embassy of Ethiopia, Washington, DC ???????? 2008-01-30 ??? ?????????????? . Retrieved 6 April 2006.

???????????? [ ??? ]

Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769?1855) . London, England: Longmans.
Beshah, Girma; Aregay, Merid Wolde (1964). The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500?1632) . Lisbon: Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Historicos Ultramarinos.
Lyons, Terrence (1996). "Closing the Transition: the May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia" . The Journal of Modern African Studies . 34 (1): 121?42. doi : 10.1017/S0022278X00055233 .
Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity (PDF) . Edinburgh: University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0106-6 . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 23 January 2013 . ??????????? 3 March 2012 . {{ cite book }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )
Valdes Vivo, Raul (1977). Ethiopia's Revolution . New York, NY: International Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7178-0556-3 .

????????? [ ??? ]

Zewde, Bahru (2001). A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855?1991 (2nd ed.). Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1440-8 .
Selassie I., Haile (1999). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I . Translated by Edward Ullendorff. Chicago: Frontline. ISBN 978-0-948390-40-1 .
Deguefe, Taffara (2006). Minutes of an Ethiopian Century , Shama Books, Addis Ababa, ISBN 99944-0-003-7 .
Hugues Fontaine, Un Train en Afrique. African Train , Centre Francais des Etudes Ethiopiennes / Shama Books. Edition bilingue francais / anglais. Traduction : Yves-Marie Stranger. Postface : Jean-Christophe Belliard. Avec des photographies de Matthieu Germain Lambert et Pierre Javelot. Addis Abeba, 2012, ISBN 978-99944-867-1-7 . English and French. UN TRAIN EN AFRIQUE
Henze, Paul B. (2004). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia . Shama Books. ISBN 978-1-931253-28-4 .
Marcus, Harold G. (1975). The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844?1913 . Oxford: Clarendon. Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. ISBN 1-56902-009-4 .
Marcus, Harold G. (2002). A History of Ethiopia (updated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22479-7 .
Mauri, Arnaldo (2010). Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia , Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, VI, n. 1/2010, pp. 5?16. Monetary Developments and Decolonization in Ethiopia and WP Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia
Campbell, Gwyn; Miers, Suzanne; Miller, Joseph (2007). Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic . Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1723-2 .
Mockler, Anthony (1984). Haile Selassie's War . New York: Random House. Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. ISBN 0-902669-53-2 .
Murphy, Dervla (1968). In Ethiopia with a Mule . London: Century, 1984, cop. 1968. N.B .: An account of the author's travels in Ethiopia. 280 p., ill. with a b&w map. ISBN 0-7126-3044-9
Rubenson, Sven (2003). The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (4th ed.). Hollywood, CA: Tsehai. ISBN 978-0-9723172-7-6 .
Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2003). Encyclopaedia aethiopica , Vol. 1: A?C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2005). Encyclopaedia aethiopica , Vol. 2: D?Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2007). Encyclopaedia aethiopica , Vol. 3: He?N. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Siegbert Uhlig & Alessandro Bausi, et al. (eds.) (2010). Encyclopaedia aethiopica , Vol. 4: O?X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Alessandro Bausi & S. Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2014). Encyclopaedia aethiopica , Vol. 5: Y?Z and addenda, corrigenda, overview tables, maps and general index. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
??????:Country study
??????????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????????????

Keller, Edmond (1991). Revolutionary Ethiopia From Empire to People's Republic . Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253206466 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Scholia ????????? topic ?????? ???????????????? .

Ethiopia . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
BBC Ethiopia Profile
World Bank Ethiopia Summary Trade Statistics
???????????????? ??????????? Curlie
Key Development Forecasts for Ethiopia from International Futures .
Ethiopia pages ? U.S. Dept. of State (which includes current State Dept. press releases and reports on Ethiopia)

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

??????????????: ?????????? <ref> ??????????????? "lower-alpha" ???????????????? <references group="lower-alpha"/> ??????????????

[Ventures-1] "Ethiopia to Add 4 more Official Languages to Foster Unity" . Ventures Africa . 4 March 2020. ???? ????????????????? 14 March 2020 . ??????????? 2 February 2021 .

[Nazret-2] "Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts" . Nazret . Nazret. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2021-08-17 . ??????????? 2 February 2021 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )

[africanews.com-3] Shaban, Abdurahman. "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages" . Africa News. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 15 December 2020 . ??????????? 23 October 2020 .

[africa.upenn.edu-4] "Ethiopian Constitution" .

[CSA-5] "Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007" (PDF) . Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results . Population Census Commission. p. 16. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 25 March 2009 . ??????????? 14 December 2020 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )

[2007Census-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "Country Level" . 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia . CSA . 13 July 2010. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 8 February 2019 . ??????????? 18 January 2013 .

[7] "Ethiopia- The World Factbook" . www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ . Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) . ??????????? 19 July 2021 .

[8] "Zenawism as ethnic-federalism" (PDF) .

[CIA_World_Factbook-9] 9.0 ^9.1 "CIA World Factbook ? Rank Order ? Area" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 9 February 2014 . ??????????? 2 February 2008 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )

[wpr2021-10] "Ethiopia Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 23 May 2021 . ??????????? 23 May 2021 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )

[World_Bank-11] "GDP, PPP (current international $) - Ethiopia, October 2020" . WorldBank.org . World Bank . ??????????? 1 April 2020 .

[IMFWEOET-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 1 December 2020 .

[wb-gini-13] "Gini Index coefficient" . CIA World Factbook . ??????????? 16 July 2021 .

[UNHDR-14] Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 December 2020 .

[16] Ethiopia, Embassy Of (30 July 2023). "Overview Of Ethiopia" . Embassy Of Ethiopia Washington .

[17] Ethiopia, Embassy Of Ethiopia (30 July 2023). "About Ethiopia" . Embassy Of Ethiopia Washington .

[csa2-18] "Population Projections for Ethiopia 2007?2037" . www.csa.gov.et . ???? ????????????????? 3 August 2020 . ??????????? 25 September 2020 .

[ReferenceB-19] "Ethiopia" . The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency . ??????????? 24 September 2022 . (Archived 2022 edition)

[CIA2-20] "Ethiopia" . The World Factbook . CIA . ??????????? 5 April 2021 .

[21] Kessler, David F. (2012). The Falashas : a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-283-70872-2 . OCLC 819506475 .

[22] Hopkin, Michael (16 February 2005). "Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of Homo sapiens ". Nature . doi : 10.1038/news050214-10 .

[23] Li, J.Z.; Absher, D.M.; Tang, H.; Southwick, A.M.; Casto, A.M.; Ramachandran, S.; Cann, H.M.; Barsh, G.S.; Feldman, M.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.; Myers, R.M. (2008). "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation". Science . 319 (5866): 1100?04. Bibcode : 2008Sci...319.1100L . doi : 10.1126/science.1153717 . PMID 18292342 . S2CID 53541133 .

[24] "Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says" . Bloomberg News . 21 February 2008. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 29 June 2011 . ??????????? 16 March 2009 .

[25] Kaplan, Karen (21 February 2008). "Around the world from Addis Ababa" . Los Angeles Times . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 3 June 2013 . ??????????? 16 March 2009 . {{ cite web }}: ???? |accessdate= ??? |access-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archivedate= ??? |archive-date= ?????????????????? ( help ) ; ???? |archiveurl= ??? |archive-url= ?????????????????? ( help )

[Blench2006-26] Blench, Roger (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past (????English). AltaMira Press. pp. 150?163. ISBN 978-0759104662 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( ????? )

[27] "Ethiopia" . November 2023.

[28] "Ethiopia | People, Flag, Religion, Capital, Map, Population, War, & Facts | Britannica" . 31 October 2023.

[29] Moore, Dale H. (1936). "Christianity in Ethiopia" . Church History . 5 (3): 271?284. doi : 10.2307/3160789 . ISSN 0009-6407 . JSTOR 3160789 . S2CID 162029676 .

[30] "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia" (PDF) . 12 April 2022.

[BBC1120-31] BBC Staff (3 November 2020). "Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state" . BBC (??????????) . ??????????? 25 May 2021 .

[32] "Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Ethiopia formally join BRICS" . Daily News Egypt . 1 January 2024 . ??????????? 1 January 2024 .

[33] "5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch" . World Economic Forum (??????????). 6 September 2019 . ??????????? 10 March 2022 .

[34] Africa, Somtribune (29 August 2020). "Ethiopia Can Be Africa's Next Superpower" . SomTribune (???????????????????) . ??????????? 10 March 2022 .

[35] "Overview" . World Bank (??????????) . ??????????? 2022-06-13 .

[36] "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy" . The Low Ethiopian Reports . 16 June 2022.

[37] "Overview" . World Bank (??????????) . ??????????? 23 December 2021 .

[38] "Ethiopia Poverty Assessment" . World Bank (??????????) . ??????????? 17 December 2018 .

[39] "Major problems facing Ethiopia today" . Africaw .

[bx-40] 39.0 ^39.1 Berhanu Abegaz, Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities PDF (51.7 KB) . Retrieved 6 April 2006. ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ????????????? ??????????? "bx" ???????????????????????????

[Embassy-41] Embassy of Ethiopia, Washington, DC ???????? 2008-01-30 ??? ?????????????? . Retrieved 6 April 2006.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[a]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]