???

??? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????????????????????, ??????, ???????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????????? H ₂O ??????? ???????????????? ???????? 1 ????? ??? ???????? 2 ????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ( ??????? ) ???????? ???? ( ????? ) ?????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ^[1]^[2] ????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????, ?????????? , ??? ???????????? , ???????, ???? , ???????, ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????

????????? 71% ???????????? ^[3] ????????????????????? ????? ^[4] ???????? 96.5% ???????????? 1.7% ??????????? 1.7% ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??? 0.001% ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? (????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????) ??? ?????????? ^[5]^[6] ????????????? 2.5% ?????????? ??? 98.8% ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? 0.3% ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? (0.003%) ????????????????????????????????????? ^[5]

?????????????????????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ( ??????????? ) ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? 1 ???????????????????????????????????????? 2.5 ??????????????????????????????????? ^[7] ?????????????????????????????????????? GDP ????? ^[8] ??????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2025 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[9] ??????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2009 ????????? ??????? ?.?. 2030 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 50% ^[10] ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????? 70% ?????????????? ????????? ^[11]

?????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

*?????????* ??? ?????? ????????? ???? 1902

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? 1 ???? (0.98692 ???????? 100 ???? ?????? 14.5 ??????? ) ??????????? 373.15 ?????? (100 ???????????? 212 ????????????? ) ??????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?5 ???????????? ?????????? 600 ???????? ?22 ???????????? ?????????? 2100 ???????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? (????????????????? 2100 ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????)

??????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? 374 ???????????? ?????????? 220 ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?? ???????????????? ???????????????? 0.34 ???????? ?????????????????? 68 ???????????? (154 ?????????????)

????????????????????? (????????? 0.006 ????????) ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? (????? 221 ????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????

??????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? 1,000 ??./??.?. (62.43 ?????/??.???) ??????????????? 3.98 ???????????? (39.16 ?????????????) ?????????????????????????????? 917 ??./??.?. (57.25 ?????/??.???) ^[12]^[13] ??????? ?????????????????????????? 9 ???????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????

?????????????????? 30 ???????????? ??? 60 ???????????? ????????????????? 2 ????? ^[14]^[15]^[16]

?????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[17] ????????????????????????? ^[18] ???????????? ?????????????????? (???????????????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????? ????? ?????? ^[19]

?????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[20]

????????? ???????? 22 ??????? ?.?. 2011 ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? 140 ???????????? ????????????? ? ???????????????????????? 12 ???????????? ???????????????? "??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????" ^[21]^[22]

???????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????

??????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????? : 3.4% ?????????????????????????????????????????? ^[23]
??????????????????????? : 0.002%
?????????????????? : ?????? 0.40% ????????????????? 1?4% ?????????
???????????????????????? : 0.03%
?????????????????????????? : 0.0004%
??????????????????????? : ? ???????? ??????? ????????
?????????? (????????????????????): 91%
????????????????? ???? ????? 189733 ?? ^[24] ??? ????? 209458 ?? ^[25]

????????????????? [ ??? ]

???: 71% ??????????
?????? : ???????????????????????? 100 ????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????

????????????????? [ ??? ]

??? ? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????????
???????????????? ?????????
?????????
?????
??????
????????????????? ^[26]
??????????
???????? ??? ????? ^[26]
?????? ???????????????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[27] ???????????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[28]

??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?.?. 2008 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????? 15 ??????????????????????? ?.?. 1971 ^[29] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Chandrayaan-1 ?????????????? ?.?. 2009 ^[30]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Henniker, J. C. (1949). "The Depth of the Surface Zone of a Liquid". Reviews of Modern Physics . Reviews of Modern Physics . 21 (2): 322?341. doi : 10.1103/RevModPhys.21.322 .
↑ Pollack, Gerald. "Water Science" . University of Washington , Pollack Laboratory. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2013-02-15 . ??????????? 2011-02-05 . Water has three phases ? gas, liquid, and solid; but recent findings from our laboratory imply the presence of a surprisingly extensive fourth phase that occurs at interfaces.
↑ "CIA- The world fact book" . Central Intelligence Agency . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2010-01-05 . ??????????? 2008-12-20 .
↑ "United Nations" . Un.org. 2005-03-22 . ??????????? 2010-07-25 .
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Gleick, P.H., ?.?. (1993). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources . Oxford University Press. p. 13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth". ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2013-04-08 . ??????????? 2013-03-15 .
↑ Water Vapor in the Climate System ???????? 2007-03-20 ??? ?????????????? , Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). Vital Water ???????? 2009-07-08 ??? ?????????????? UNEP .
↑ "MDG Report 2008" (PDF) . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2010-08-27 . ??????????? 2010-07-25 .
↑ "Public Services" ???????? 2012-04-07 ??? ?????????????? , Gapminder video
↑ Kulshreshtha, S. N (1998). "A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025". Water Resources Management . 12 (3): 167?184. doi : 10.1023/A:1007957229865 . S2CID 152322295 .
↑ "Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to inform decision-making" (PDF) . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 5 July 2010 . ??????????? 25 July 2010 .
↑ Baroni, L.; Cenci, L.; Tettamanti, M.; Berati, M. (2007). "Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems" . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 61 (2): 279?286. doi : 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522 . PMID 17035955 .
↑ Kotz, J. C., Treichel, P., & Weaver, G. C. (2005). Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity . Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-39597-X . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( ????? )
↑ Ben-Naim, Ariel; Ben-Naim, Roberta; ?????? (2011). Alice's Adventures in Water-land . Singapore. doi : 10.1142/8068 . ISBN 978-981-4338-96-7 .
↑ Crew, Bec. "Physicists Just Discovered a Second State of Liquid Water" . ScienceAlert . ??????????? 2016-11-15 .
↑ "Water: Water?an enduring mystery" . ??????????? 2016-11-15 .
↑ Maestro, L.m.; Marques, M.i.; Camarillo, E.; Jaque, D.; Sole, J. Garcia; Gonzalo, J.a.; Jaque, F.; Valle, Juan C. Del; Mallamace, F. (2016-01-01). "On the existence of two states in liquid water: impact on biological and nanoscopic systems" . International Journal of Nanotechnology . 13 (8?9): 667?677. doi : 10.1504/IJNT.2016.079670 . ISSN 1475-7435 .
↑ Edmund T. Rolls (2005), "Emotion Explained". Oxford University Press, Medical. ISBN 0198570031 , 9780198570035.
↑ R. Llinas, W. Precht (2012), "Frog Neurobiology: A Handbook". Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 3642663168 , 9783642663161
↑ Joel Candau (2004), " The Olfactory Experience: constants and cultural variables ". Water Science and Technology, volume 49, issue 9, pages 11-17.
↑ Melnick, Gary, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Neufeld, David, Johns Hopkins University quoted in: "Discover of Water Vapor Near Orion Nebula Suggests Possible Origin of H20 in Solar System (sic)" . The Harvard University Gazette. April 23, 1998. "Space Cloud Holds Enough Water to Fill Earth's Oceans 1 Million Times" . Headlines@Hopkins, JHU. April 9, 1998. "Water, Water Everywhere: Radio telescope finds water is common in universe" . The Harvard University Gazette. February 25, 1999. (linked 4/2007)
↑ Clavin, Whitney; Buis, Alan (22 July 2011). "Astronomers Find Largest, Most Distant Reservoir of Water" . NASA . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2011-07-24 . ??????????? 2011-07-25 .
↑ Staff (22 July 2011). "Astronomers Find Largest, Oldest Mass of Water in Universe" . Space.com . ??????????? 2011-07-23 .
↑ "MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere" . Planetary Society. 2008-07-03. ???? ????????????????? 2010-01-17 . ??????????? 2008-07-05 .
↑ Water Found on Distant Planet ???????? 2007-07-16 ??? ?????????????? July 12, 2007 By Laura Blue, Time
↑ Water Found in Extrasolar Planet's Atmosphere ? Space.com
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 Sparrow, Giles (2006). The Solar System . Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-59223-579-4 .
↑ NASA, " MESSENGER Finds New Evidence for Water Ice at Mercury's Poles ???????? 2012-11-30 ??? ?????????????? ", 29 November 2012.
↑ Weird water lurking inside giant planets , New Scientist, 1 September 2010, Magazine issue 2776.
↑ Versteckt in Glasperlen: Auf dem Mond gibt es Wasser ? Wissenschaft ? Der Spiegel ? Nachrichten
↑ Water Molecules Found on the Moon ???????? 2009-09-27 ??? ?????????????? , NASA, 24 September 2009

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Ball, Philip (2001). Life's matrix : a biography of water . Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 978-0520230088 .
Franks, Felix (2007). Water : a matrix of life (2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-1847552341 .

????????? [ ??? ]

Debenedetti, PG., and HE Stanley, "Supercooled and Glassy Water", Physics Today 56 (6), pp. 40?46 (2003). Downloadable PDF (1.9 MB) ???????? 1 ????????? 2018 ??? ??????????????
Gleick, PH., (editor), The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources . Island Press, Washington, D.C. (published every two years, beginning in 1998.) The World's Water, Island Press ???????? 26 ?????????? 2009 ??? ??????????????
Jones, Oliver A.; Lester, John N.; Voulvoulis, Nick (2005). "Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water?". Trends in Biotechnology . 23 (4): 163?167. doi : 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.001 . PMID 15780706 .
Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education ???????? 3 ?????? 2016 ??? ??????????????
Postel, S., Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity . W.W. Norton and Company, New York. 1992
Reisner, M., Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water . Penguin Books, New York. 1986.
United Nations World Water Development Report ???????? 22 ?????????? 2009 ??? ?????????????? . Produced every three years.
St. Fleur, Nicholas. The Water in Your Glass Might Be Older Than the Sun ???????? 15 ?????? 2017 ??? ?????????????? . "The water you drink is older than the planet you're standing on." The New York Times (15 April 2016)

??????????????? [ ??? ]

OECD Water statistics
The World's Water Data Page
FAO Comprehensive Water Database, AQUASTAT
The Water Conflict Chronology: Water Conflict Database ???????? 16 ?????? 2013 ??? ??????????????
Water science school (USGS)
Portal to The World Bank's strategy, work and associated publications on water resources
America Water Resources Association ???????? 24 ?????? 2018 ??? ??????????????
Water on the web
Water structure and science ???????? 28 ??????? 2014 ??? ??????????????
"Why water is one of the weirdest things in the universe" , Ideas , BBC , Video, 3:16 minutes, 2019
The chemistry of water ???????? 19 ???????? 2020 ??? ?????????????? (NSF special report)
The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam
H2O: The Molecule That Made Us , a 2020 PBS documentary

[1] Henniker, J. C. (1949). "The Depth of the Surface Zone of a Liquid". Reviews of Modern Physics . Reviews of Modern Physics . 21 (2): 322?341. doi : 10.1103/RevModPhys.21.322 .

[2] Pollack, Gerald. "Water Science" . University of Washington , Pollack Laboratory. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2013-02-15 . ??????????? 2011-02-05 . Water has three phases ? gas, liquid, and solid; but recent findings from our laboratory imply the presence of a surprisingly extensive fourth phase that occurs at interfaces.

[3] "CIA- The world fact book" . Central Intelligence Agency . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2010-01-05 . ??????????? 2008-12-20 .

[4] "United Nations" . Un.org. 2005-03-22 . ??????????? 2010-07-25 .

[b1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Gleick, P.H., ?.?. (1993). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources . Oxford University Press. p. 13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth". ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2013-04-08 . ??????????? 2013-03-15 .

[6] Water Vapor in the Climate System ???????? 2007-03-20 ??? ?????????????? , Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). Vital Water ???????? 2009-07-08 ??? ?????????????? UNEP .

[UN-7] "MDG Report 2008" (PDF) . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2010-08-27 . ??????????? 2010-07-25 .

[8] "Public Services" ???????? 2012-04-07 ??? ?????????????? , Gapminder video

[9] Kulshreshtha, S. N (1998). "A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025". Water Resources Management . 12 (3): 167?184. doi : 10.1023/A:1007957229865 . S2CID 152322295 .

[10] "Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to inform decision-making" (PDF) . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 5 July 2010 . ??????????? 25 July 2010 .

[Baroni2007-11] Baroni, L.; Cenci, L.; Tettamanti, M.; Berati, M. (2007). "Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems" . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 61 (2): 279?286. doi : 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522 . PMID 17035955 .

[12] Kotz, J. C., Treichel, P., & Weaver, G. C. (2005). Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity . Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-39597-X . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( ????? )

[13] Ben-Naim, Ariel; Ben-Naim, Roberta; ?????? (2011). Alice's Adventures in Water-land . Singapore. doi : 10.1142/8068 . ISBN 978-981-4338-96-7 .

[14] Crew, Bec. "Physicists Just Discovered a Second State of Liquid Water" . ScienceAlert . ??????????? 2016-11-15 .

[15] "Water: Water?an enduring mystery" . ??????????? 2016-11-15 .

[16] Maestro, L.m.; Marques, M.i.; Camarillo, E.; Jaque, D.; Sole, J. Garcia; Gonzalo, J.a.; Jaque, F.; Valle, Juan C. Del; Mallamace, F. (2016-01-01). "On the existence of two states in liquid water: impact on biological and nanoscopic systems" . International Journal of Nanotechnology . 13 (8?9): 667?677. doi : 10.1504/IJNT.2016.079670 . ISSN 1475-7435 .

[emo-17] Edmund T. Rolls (2005), "Emotion Explained". Oxford University Press, Medical. ISBN 0198570031 , 9780198570035.

[frog-18] R. Llinas, W. Precht (2012), "Frog Neurobiology: A Handbook". Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 3642663168 , 9783642663161

[candau-19] Joel Candau (2004), " The Olfactory Experience: constants and cultural variables ". Water Science and Technology, volume 49, issue 9, pages 11-17.

[20] Melnick, Gary, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Neufeld, David, Johns Hopkins University quoted in: "Discover of Water Vapor Near Orion Nebula Suggests Possible Origin of H20 in Solar System (sic)" . The Harvard University Gazette. April 23, 1998. "Space Cloud Holds Enough Water to Fill Earth's Oceans 1 Million Times" . Headlines@Hopkins, JHU. April 9, 1998. "Water, Water Everywhere: Radio telescope finds water is common in universe" . The Harvard University Gazette. February 25, 1999. (linked 4/2007)

[Clavin-21] Clavin, Whitney; Buis, Alan (22 July 2011). "Astronomers Find Largest, Most Distant Reservoir of Water" . NASA . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2011-07-24 . ??????????? 2011-07-25 .

[water_vapor_cloud-22] Staff (22 July 2011). "Astronomers Find Largest, Oldest Mass of Water in Universe" . Space.com . ??????????? 2011-07-23 .

[planetary_society-23] "MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere" . Planetary Society. 2008-07-03. ???? ????????????????? 2010-01-17 . ??????????? 2008-07-05 .

[24] Water Found on Distant Planet ???????? 2007-07-16 ??? ?????????????? July 12, 2007 By Laura Blue, Time

[Space.com_water-25] Water Found in Extrasolar Planet's Atmosphere ? Space.com

[Sparrow-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Sparrow, Giles (2006). The Solar System . Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-59223-579-4 .

[27] NASA, " MESSENGER Finds New Evidence for Water Ice at Mercury's Poles ???????? 2012-11-30 ??? ?????????????? ", 29 November 2012.

[newscientist.com-28] Weird water lurking inside giant planets , New Scientist, 1 September 2010, Magazine issue 2776.

[29] Versteckt in Glasperlen: Auf dem Mond gibt es Wasser ? Wissenschaft ? Der Spiegel ? Nachrichten

[30] Water Molecules Found on the Moon ???????? 2009-09-27 ??? ?????????????? , NASA, 24 September 2009

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