? ????????? ?????? ???????
(
Da Af??nist?n Isl?m? Jomhoriyat
)
?????? ?????? ?????????
(
????????-?? ???????-?? ????????????
)
????????????? ???????? ????????
|
|
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|
|
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| ??????
34°31′N
69°08′E
/
34.517°N 69.133°E
/
34.517; 69.133
|
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|
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,
????
(
????????
)
|
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|
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[1]
[2]
[3]
|
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|
????????? ?????????
|
-
|
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-
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---|
-
|
??????????????
|
?????? 8
,
1919
|
-
|
??????????????
|
?????? 19
, 1919
|
??????????
|
-
|
??????
|
652,090 ??.??²
(
41???
)
251,772
?.??
|
-
|
?????
(
%
)
|
n/a
|
?????
|
-
|
2007 ?????
|
31,889,923 (
37???
)
|
-
|
1979 ?? ???
|
13,051,358
|
-
|
?? ???????
|
46 /??.??² (
150???
)
119 /?.??
|
??????
(
PPP
)
|
2006 ?????
|
-
|
??????
|
$32.4 ??????? (
92???
)
|
-
|
?????
|
$1,490 (
158???
)
|
??.?? (????.??.?)
(1993)
|
0.229 (
n/a
) (
unranked
)
|
???????
|
??????
(
AFN
)
|
???????
|
(
UTC
+4:30)
|
-
|
????? (DST)
|
(
UTC
+4:30)
|
????????? ?????? ????
|
.af
|
??????? ????
|
+93
|
????????????
????
????????????
(Af??nist?n) ??????
???? ?????????
, ?????????? ???? ????. ? ???? ???????? ????
????????????? ???????? ????????
.
?????????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????
???? ?????
????????,
[4]
???????????
????????,
[5]
????
?????? ?????
????????
[6]
??????????? ??????????. ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????, ????, ??????? ??????????????. ????????, ???????
??????????
,
[7]
?????????
?????
, ????? ?????
???????????????
,
?????????????
,
???????????
, ?????
?????????
??????????
????
???????????? ???????????? ???????.
?????????????? ???? ??????
??????? ???? ????
???? ????? ????.
?????? ?????
,
???? ?????
,
?????? ????????
????? ???????????? ???????????
?????? ????????
?? ???????? ??????. ????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????.
???????????
,
????????
,
????????
,
????????
,
????????
????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????. 18? ??????? ??????????
????????
?????????
??????? ?? ????????
???????? ?????????? ???????????.
[8]
???? 19? ????????? ???
???????? ????????????
?????????.
?????? 19
, 1919 ? ????? ???????? ????? ??????.
1970 ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????, ???????? ???????????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????.
2001
??????
????
???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????
???????
???????? ????????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????.
???????????? ????
[
??????
]
????????????
???? '??????? ???????' - ?????? ?????????? ???? '????????' ??? (????? ????????? ??????? ?????) ??????????????.
[9]
[10]
????????????
??????
??? ?????????????? '??????' ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????????????????
????????????
??.?. 6? ????????? ? ??????? ??????
?????
??? ??
????????????
??????????????.
[11]
16? ?????????
?????
????
?????
??
???????????
??????
?????? ???????????
????????????
??? ????????.
[12]
19? ??????? ???? '????????' ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ????????????
?????? ??????
??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????
?????????????
??????.
[13]
??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????.
[14]
1857 ??
????????? ????????
?????? ???????? '????????????' ??? ?????? ??????????????.
[15]
1919 ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? '????????????' ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????.
[16]
??? ??????? 1923 ??????????? ?????????????.
[17]
????????
[
??????
]
???????????? ?? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????
??????
(?????? ????? ????? 7,485 ??????? ???? 24,557 ??????? ?????). ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????.
??????????
???????? ??????
??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????.
[18]
???????????? ???????? ??????????? (??????? ????????). ????? ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????
????????
??????????????. ???????? ?????????????
?????????
????? ????????? ???? ??????????????. 1998 ?? 30? ?????? ???????? ?????? 125 ???????? ???????????. ?????? 4000 ???? ?????????.
????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ????? ????? ?????????? 70%
??????
????????. 80% ??????
???????
???????? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ????? ???????????????.
[19]
?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????????????
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
????? 50,000 ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????????. ???? 1747 ??
????????? ????????
?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????.
[8]
[25]
???? ?????????, ????? ????????, ????????????, ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????.
???????
(
????-??????????
????
??????
,
??????????
,
???????
?????? ),
??????? ??????????
,
??????? ??????????
,
???????????
,
????????
,
????????????
,
????????
,
??????????
,
????????
- ???? ?????? ????????
???????? ????
,
?????????
, ? ??????
??????????
- ??? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????.
????.??. 2000-1200 ???? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????????. ????.??. 1700-1100 ??????????? ???????
?????? ???
,
??????
, ??? (??????) ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????.
[26]
[27]
????.??. 1800-800 ????
????????????? ???
?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????.
[28]
?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????.
[26]
????.??. 6? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ????.??. 330?? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????. ???????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.
en:Anno Domini
?????????? ??.?.1? ?????????
????????
?????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ????????, ???????? ???? ???????????. ????????? ??????
??????????
??.?. 3 ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????.
[29]
??????
???????
????? ???? ????????????.
[30]
?????? ???????
???????????
???? ??????????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ??.?. 5? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????.
[31]
??.?. 557 ?? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????
1? ??????
??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????. ???? ???????, ??????????? ????? ??????
????????????
???
?? ????? ??????
??????????????. ?????? ?????????? '?????? ??'?? ??????
?????? ????????
????????? ???? ????? ??????.
????????? ?????
[
??????
]
???? ??????
, 19? ??????? ???? ? ???????????
????????
???????
[32]
[33]
[34]
? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????. ??????
???????????
(875?999),
??????????
(977?1187),
????????????
(1037?1194),
????????
(1149?1212),
??????????
(1370?1506)???????. ????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????????
[35]
[36]
1219 ??
??????? ????
??????????
????????
??????????????,
??????????
(?????? ?????)?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. 1504 ??
?????
(??????? ????, ?????? ?????, ????????? ???????? ?????????) ?????? ?????????
????? ??????????????
???????????. 1700 ?????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???????
?????????
, ????????
?????????
, ??????? (????) ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????.
?????? ??? ????
[
??????
]
1709 ??
???? ?????? ??????
??? ??????? (???????)???????
???????? ????
???
????????
??????? ?????????????? ??????, ???? 1715 ???? ????????? (?????????? ???????????
??????
?????? ?????
????
?????????? ??????????????). 1715 ?? ??? ??????
???? ??????? ??????
?????????. ??? 1722 ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????????
????????
???????? ??????????? ????
??????? ???????
?????????????????. ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (3 ??????? ???? ??????????, ????????, ??? ????????) ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????
?????? ??
?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????????????.
[37]
[38]
???????? ??????????
[
??????
]
1738 ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? (?????? ??????? ????
??????? ?????
?????? 4??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????) ???????? ??????????, ? ?????? ????, ??????, ????????? ???????????.
[39]
1747 ???? 19? ???????? (????? ???? ?????????
????? ??
??????) ??????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????
??????? ???????
?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????.
[20]
[40]
[41]
??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? '????????' (??????? ????? '???' ???? ??????)?? ??????????????.
[39]
1751 ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????????????, ????? ???? ????????, ?????????????, ????????????
????????
???? ????????.
[15]
1772 ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????.
???????? ????????
????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????. 1793 ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????
??????? ????????
?????????.
????? ???????
[
??????
]
19? ????????? ??????
?????? ?????? ???????
(1839?42, 1878?80, 1919??? ????????)
????????? ????
??????????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. 1919 ?? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. (
?????? ??? ??????
??????). ???????? ?????? ???? ???????
??????? ???
?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ??? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. 1933, 1973 ??????????
????????
?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????.
1973 ?? ???????? ????????
??????? ?????? ????
?????????? ???????????????????. ?????? 1978?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????
?????? ?????????????
??????????? ?? ??????? ????????????. ? ????????????
'?????' ???? '??? ???? ???????'
??????.
??????? ??????, ???????????
[
??????
]
???????, ?????? ???? ??????????
????????? ?????? (???? ??????)
?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????
??????????
??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????
?.???.?
?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????-???? 1978 ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????
???????? 24
,
1979?
?????? ???? ????
??????? ???????
????? ???????????? ???????? (??????? ???????? ????? ?????) ????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ??????? 10 ?????????? ????? (?????)???????? 6 ?????? - 20 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????. 50 ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ???????, ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????. 1989 ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. 1992 ???? ????? ????????
?????????
????????? ?????????????? ???????
[42]
?????? ???????????.
???????? ???????????? ???????, ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????????, ???????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???????? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????. 1994 ???? ??????? ???????? 10,000 ???? ???? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????,
????????
????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? 1996 ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????. 2000?????? ?????? 95% ???? ???? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????
????? ?????? ????????
'????????' ????????? ????. ????????
????????? ????? ?????????
???? ???????? ???? ???????. ? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????????????. ?????????, ???????? ?????????, ????? ???????????. ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ????????????? ?????? ????????????????. ????? 2001 ??????
??????
??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ????????????????.
[43]
2001-?????? ????????????
[
??????
]
2001 ?????????? 11 ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????
?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????
???-????
????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????
??????? ??????????? ???????
??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????.
????? ????-?????????
???? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????
????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????.
2002 ?? ????????????? ???????????
???? ??????
?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????. 2003?? ????????? ?????????????. 2004 ????????? ????? ????????? '????????? ????????? ??? ????????????' ???????????? ????????????. 2005 ?? (1973 ?????? ?????? ????? ????????) ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????.
???? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????.
???????
, ????? ???????? ????, ???????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????????, ???????, ??????????????? ?????????
?????? ??????
, ?????? ?????????????,
????????? ??????
, ?????? ????
???-????
???????, (???????????? ??????????? ????) ????????? - ??? ?????? ????????? ???????.
????? ???????????? ??????? ????????
-
?????? ?????? ??????
,
???????????? ????????
?????????, ?????????
[
??????
]
???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ????????????, ???????????? ????????????? ???????. ???????, ?????????, ?????????, ????? ????????? - ??? ????? ???????? ??????. 2003 ?? ??????
???? ??????
??????? ????????????
????????? ??????????
??????????????.
???????? ???????????? ??????????
????? ???????
2004 ?????????? ????????????. 2005 ??????? ?????? ????????
??????????
?????????. ????? ??????????? ?????????????? 28% ???????? (????????? ??????? ????? 25% ??????? ??????????????) ???????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????????
??????? ???? ?????
?????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????.
[44]
????????? ?????????????? 60,000 ???? ?????? ????????? ???????. ? ??????? 80,000 ???? ????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????????????.
[45]
????? ????????
[
??????
]
???????? ???????? ???????????? 34
???????
???? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. '??????? ????????? ??????' ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????. ? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? ?????? '?????'?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????.
?????? ???????
[
??????
]
????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? 2 ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????. 1998-2001 ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????.
[46]
[47]
2005 ?????? ???????????? 40% ???? ???????.
[48]
2002 ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? 2002 ?? 29%, 2003 ?? 16%, 2004 ?? 8%, 2005 ?? 14% ?????? ????????.
[49]
????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????????????? (??????, ????????, ????????, ????? ??????)
[20]
[50]
?????? ?????? 33 ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????.
[51]
???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. 2001 ???????? '???? ???????' ?????? 2002?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????
[52]
????????? ?????, ???????, ????????, ????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????.
????? ????????? ???????
??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? (1) ??????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? (2) ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?????
[53]
??????????? ??? ??????? 40 ?????????
?????? ??????????
?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? 2-3 ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????.
[54]
?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????????. ?????? ????????, ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? (??? ??????, ??????????? ??????) ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????.
[23]
???????
,
????
,
?????
,
??????
???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????.
[21]
[24]
????????? ????????????
?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? (SAARC)????
,
?????? ????? ????? (ECO)????
,
??? ???????? ??????????
,
????????? ???????????????
???????? ????? ????.
???? ???????? ?????? ??????????
[
??????
]
???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? 33 ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????.
[55]
?? ???????
[
??????
]
???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????. ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????????.
[56]
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????.
?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ???
??.?.?. ?????? ????
?????? ?????????????.
???????? ???
(
'????' ??????
) 50%,
????? ???
35% ???? ????????????. ??? ?????
????-????????? ??????
???????? ???? ??????
????????. ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ??????
???????? ???????
???????. '????' ?????? ?????? ???? ????????
??????
??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????????????? ???????? ??? ?????
???????
(????????
???????
,
??????????
?????) 9%, ???? ?????? 30 ??? ????? 4% (?????? ??????????
?????
,
??????????
,
?????
,
??????
,
??????
,
???????
,
?????
/
?????
). ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????.
|
|
|
????? ??????
[
??????
]
1960-1980 ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????
[57]
??????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????:
[57]
- 36.4% ???????
- 33.6% ?????,
?????????
,
??????????
- 8.0% ????
- 8.0% ???????
- 3.2% ?????
- 1.6% ?????
- 9.2% ??????
?????? ??????????, 99%
??????????
: ?????? ?????? 74?89%
????????
, 9?25%
??????
[20]
[58]
(???????? ??????????? ???????). 1980 ???? ???????? ?????? 30,000 ????? 150,000
?????????
,
????????
???????? ??????? -
?????????
,
??????
,
????????
???? ??????? ????????.
[59]
[60]
?????? ??????????
????
???????? ????????. (
??????? ??????
) ???? ???? 1979 ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ????????? ???? ???????,
??????? ??????????
??????? ?????????????? ??????????.
[61]
????? ??????
[
??????
]
??????????????? ??? ?????? ???
?????
?? ??? ?? ????
???????
??????
??????
. ??? ????? ??????
????????
, ??????,
????? ?????
,
?????????
, ????,
???????
.
??????????
[
??????
]
1979 ?? ??????
??????? ??????
????? 1992 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? 60 ?????? (6,000,000) ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????. 1996 ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????.
[62]
2002 ?????? 40 ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????.
[63]
2007 ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? 24 ????????? ?????????? 2009 ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????.
[64]
??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????????.
[65]
????????
[
??????
]
????????? ???? ???, ????, ?????? - ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????. ????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????.
[66]
??????? ???? ????? ????? (?????) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????. ???? ?????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????????.
??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????
??????????? ????? ?????????
????????????. ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? - ????????, ??????, ????, ????.
???????
??????? '??? ????????' ??
???????? ?????? ??????? ???????
??????????????.
????????
??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? '????? ?????'?? ??????????????.
???????
??????? ????? ?????. ???
????
???? ??. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????. ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????
??????? ???????
???? ???????? ????. ????? (???????? ???????? ?????) ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????.
???????????? ???????????, ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????????. ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ????????????????? ? ??????? ?????????????. ???????????? ???? ???????, ??????? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? '?????????' ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????.
[66]
????? ?????????
[
??????
]
??????????????, ?????????
[
??????
]
? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????, ?????????,??????, ?????????, ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????????. 2006 ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????.
[67]
????? ?????????
[
??????
]
???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? "??????? ?????? ???????????" ??????? ??????, ???????????
?????????????
,
??????
,
??????????
???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????????. ????? ???? ??????, ????????
??.?.?.
????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????.
2003 ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? 7,000 ????????? ?????? 30% ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????. ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. 2006 ?????? 40 ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ?????. 1999 ?????? ?????????? 36% (???????? 51%, ????????? 21%). ?????? 9,500 ?????????????????.
????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ??????
?????? ????? ?????????
?????????, ???????? ???? ????????????????????.
????? ?????
????
?????? ??????????????
???????? ?????? ????????????. ??? 600 ????? ???????????? 250 ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????.
[68]
???? ????
[
??????
]
?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????, ?????????, ??????,????????,??????,??????????, ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ??.50 ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??.11 ????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??.15 ??? ????????? ???? ?????????.
????????
[
??????
]
- ?????????????????? ???????? ????? 2.81 ??????. ??? 2.7 ????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????.
- ? ??? ????? ????????????? ??.65??? ??????.
- ????? ????? ??.20????.
- ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????????.
- 80???? ???? ????????, 50???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????.
- ?????? ?????????? 34????. ????? ?????????? 10?????.
- ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 247???? ???????? ????????? ???????????.
??? ???? ??????
[
??????
]
????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????
?????????
?????????? ?????????
[
??????
]
????? ???? ????????
?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ??????.
- ↑
Article Four of the
Constitution of Afghanistan
,
LINK
Archived
2009-03-05 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
CIA Factbook on Afghanistan,
People
Archived
2016-07-09 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
Webster's Dicitionary,
Afghan
Archived
2007-07-18 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
[1]
Archived
2011-07-20 at the
Wayback Machine
,
[2]
- ↑
UT - MENIC
Archived
2008-05-09 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Afghanistan Profile
Archived
2008-03-12 at the
Wayback Machine
, National Geographic (accessed
20 January
2006
),
Afghanistan
Archived
2016-07-09 at the
Wayback Machine
, CIA Factbook (accessed
20 January
2006),
Afghanistan
Archived
2007-09-28 at the
Wayback Machine
, Middle East Institute (accessed
20 January
2006).
- ↑
University of California
Archived
2008-06-21 at the
Wayback Machine
,
[3]
Archived
2010-02-27 at the
Wayback Machine
,
University of Pennsylvania
Archived
2008-03-04 at the
Wayback Machine
,
World Bank
Archived
2008-07-24 at the
Wayback Machine
;
US maps
Archived
2013-12-25 at the
Wayback Machine
;
[4]
Archived
2006-02-21 at the
Wayback Machine
;
University of Washington
Archived
2015-04-02 at the
Wayback Machine
Syracuse University
- ↑
Footnote: The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of
Jammu and Kashmir
to be a part of India including the portion bordering
Afghanistan
. A ceasefire sponsored by the
United Nations
in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and
Pakistan
i held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.
- ↑
8.0
8.1
Ahmad Shah Durrani
, Britannica Concise.
- ↑
Encyclopedia Britannica, Afghanistan History, Online Edition
LINK
- ↑
W. K. Frazier Tyler, M. C. Gillet and several other scholars,
"The word Afghan first appears in history in the
Hudud-al-Alam
in 982 AD."
- ↑
"Afghan"
Archived
2009-02-28 at the
Wayback Machine
(with ref. to "Afghanistan: iv. Ethnography") by Ch. M. Kieffer,
Encyclopaedia Iranica
Online Edition 2006.
- ↑
"Transactions of the year 908"
Archived
2012-11-14 at the
Wayback Machine
by Z?hir ud-D?n Mohammad B?bur in B?burn?ma, translated by John Leyden, Oxford University Press: 1921.
- ↑
Elphinstone, M.
,
"Account of the Kingdom of Cabul and its Dependencies in Persia and India"
,
London
1815; published by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
- ↑
E. Huntington,
"The Anglo-Russian Agreement as to Tibet, Afghanistan, and Persia"
, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 39, No. 11 (1907)
- ↑
15.0
15.1
MECW Volume 18, p. 40; The New American Cyclopaedia - Vol. I, 1858
- ↑
M. Ali,
"Afghanistan: The War of Independence, 1919"
, Kabul [s.n.], 1960
- ↑
Afghanistan's Constitution of 1923
Archived
2015-02-26 at the
Wayback Machine
under
King Amanullah Khan
(English translation).
- ↑
"History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976 - 2005"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2007-08-07
. Retrieved
2007-07-20
.
- ↑
Sustainable Land Management 2007 - by Afghanistan's Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MoAF)
Environmental crisis looms as conflict goes on
- ↑
20.0
20.1
20.2
20.3
Afghanistan
Archived
2016-07-09 at the
Wayback Machine
, CIA World Factbook.
- ↑
21.0
21.1
Gold and copper discovered in Afghanistan
- ↑
http://www.wise-uranium.org/uissr05.html#NEWDISC
- ↑
23.0
23.1
Afghanistan’s Energy Future and its Potential Implications
, Eurasianet.org.
- ↑
24.0
24.1
Govt plans to lease out Ainak copper mine
, Pajhwok Afghan News.
- ↑
Sites in Perspective
Archived
2007-09-27 at the
Wayback Machine
, chapter 3 of Nancy Hatch Dupree,
An Historical Guide To Afghanistan
.
- ↑
26.0
26.1
The Vedic People: Their History and Geography, Rajesh Kochar, 2000, Orient Longman,
ISBN 81-250-1384-9
- ↑
????????-??????? ???:
http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/306/contrasarav.htm
- ↑
The history of Afghanistan
,
Ghandara.com website
Archived
2013-07-27 at
Archive.today
- ↑
Dani, A. H. and B. A. Litvinsky. "The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom." In:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
. Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 103?118.
ISBN 92-3-103211-9
- ↑
Zeimal, E. V. "The Kidarite Kingdom in Central Asia." In:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
. Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 119?133.
ISBN 92-3-103211-9
- ↑
Litvinsky, B. A. "The Hephthalite Empire." In:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
. Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 135?162.
ISBN 92-3-103211-9
- ↑
Ali Akbar Dehkhoda,
Dehkhoda Dictionary
, p. 8457
- ↑
Ghubar, Mir Ghulam Mohammad,
Khorasan
, 1937 Kabul Printing House, Kabul)
- ↑
"Tajikistan Development Gateway"
from
History of Afghanistan
by the
Development Gateway Foundation
Archived
2007-01-01 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
"Ghaznavid Dynasty"
,
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Online Edition.
- ↑
"Timurid Dynasty"
,
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Online Edition.
- ↑
"A?raf
Gh
ilzai"
Archived
2007-10-11 at the
Wayback Machine
by Prof. D. Balland,
Encyclopaedia Iranica
Online Edition 2006.
- ↑
"The Hotakis"
in "Afghanistan",
Encyclopaedia Britannica
.
- ↑
39.0
39.1
"The Durranti dynasty"
in "Afghanistan",
Encyclopaedia Britannica
.
- ↑
"Ahmad Shah Durrani"
,
Encyclopaedia Britannica
.
- ↑
The South
Archived
2007-07-26 at the
Wayback Machine
, chapter 16 of Nancy Hatch Dupree,
An Historical Guide To Afghanistan
.
- ↑
"Afghanistan: History"
,
Columbia Encyclopedia
.
- ↑
"Afghanistan, Opium and the Taliban"
. Archived from
the original
on 2001-11-08
. Retrieved
2007-11-13
.
- ↑
[5]
Archived
2013-12-30 at the
Wayback Machine
- New Supreme Court Could Mark Genuine Departure -
August 13
, 2006
- ↑
Text used in this cited section originally came from:
Afghanistan (Feb 2005) profile
from the
Library of Congress Country Studies
project.
- ↑
Morales, Victor (2005-03-28).
"Poor Afghanistan"
. Voice of America.
Archived
from the original on 2006-08-27
. Retrieved
2006-09-10
.
- ↑
North, Andrew (2004-03-30).
"Why Afghanistan wants $27.6bn"
. BBC News
. Retrieved
2006-09-10
.
- ↑
"??????? ????"
. Archived from
the original
on 2016-07-09
. Retrieved
2007-07-25
.
- ↑
Macroeconomics & Economic Growth in South Asia
Archived
2008-07-24 at the
Wayback Machine
, The World Bank.
- ↑
Afghan opium production at record high
- ↑
UN horrified by surge in opium trade in Helmand
- ↑
Government to have greater control over aid pledged in London
, irinnews.org.
- ↑
Fujimura, Manabu (2004) "Afghan Economy After the Election", Asian Development Bank Institute
- ↑
"Coca-Cola opens plant in Afghanistan"
[
permanent dead link
]
,
Contra Costa Times
.
- ↑
Director of policy research for the
Senlis Council
, Jorrit Kamminga, says:
the poppy eradication campaign has been ineffective, counterproductive and could well give the Taliban the decisive advantage in their struggle for the hearts and minds of the Afghan people.
- ↑
BBC News - Afghan poll's ethnic battleground - October 6, 2004
- ↑
57.0
57.1
L. Dupree,
"Af
gh
?nist?n: (iv.) ethnocgraphy"
, in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006, (
LINK
Archived
2006-10-19 at the
Wayback Machine
)
- ↑
Goring, R. (ed): "Larousse Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions" (Larousse: 1994), pg. 581?58, Table:
"Population Distribution of Major Beliefs"
,
ISBN 0-7523-0000-8
, Note:
"... Figures have been compiled from the most accurate recent available information and are in most cases correct to the nearest 1% ..."
- ↑
"Hinduism Today: Hindus Abandon Afghanistan"
. Archived from
the original
on 2007-01-11
. Retrieved
2007-11-13
.
- ↑
BBC South Asia: Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan
- ↑
Washingtonpost.com - Afghan Jew Becomes Country's One and Only - N.C. Aizenman
- ↑
"Refugees from Afghanistan: The world's largest single refugee group - Amnesty International"
. Archived from
the original
on 2003-07-11
. Retrieved
2003-07-11
.
- ↑
"Aid Agencies Providing Humanitarian Assistance for Afghan Refugees"
. Archived from
the original
on 2007-12-12
. Retrieved
2007-11-13
.
- ↑
"Iranian Deportations Raise Fears of Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan"
. Archived from
the original
on 2008-03-05
. Retrieved
2007-11-13
.
- ↑
To root out Taliban, Pakistan to expel 2.4 million Afghans
- ↑
66.0
66.1
Heathcote, Tony (1980, 2003) "The Afghan Wars 1839?1919", Sellmount Staplehurst
- ↑
Ministry signs contract with Chinese company
Archived
2007-10-11 at the
Wayback Machine
, Pajhwok Afghan News.
- ↑
Pakistan grants $10m for Balkh University
Archived
2008-02-22 at the
Wayback Machine
, Pajhwok Afghan News.
???? ???????
[
??????
]
???????? ???????? ??????
?????? ???????
????????, ???????
??????
|
---|
???? ??????
| |
---|
???????????
| ??????, ?????????
| |
---|
??????? ???????????
| |
---|
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| |
---|
|
---|