????? ?????

????????????? ????
??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
????? ?????
Barack Obama
?????? ????????????? 44??? ????????????
????????
20 ????? 2009 ? 20 ????? 2017
Vice President ?? ?????
?????????? ?????? ??????? ????
???????? ???????? ???????
????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????
????????
3 ????? 2005 ? 16 ??????? 2008
?????????? ??????? ??????????????
???????? ??????? ?????
??????? ????? 13??? ?????? ????? ??????????
????????
????? 8, 1997 ? 4 ??????? 2004
?????????? ????? ???????
???????? ?????? ??????
????????? ?????????
???????
????? ????? ????? II

?????? 4, 1961 ( 1961-08-04 ) (????  62)
?????? , ?????
??????? ????? ???????????? ?????
??????? ?????? ????????? (???????? 3, 1992)
????????? ????? ?????
???? ?????
???????? ????? ?????, ????????
??? ??????
???????(s) ???????, ?????????, ??. ??.
???????? ???????
????????? ?????????? ????? ????? (2009)
??????????
??????????

????? ????? ????? ( Barack Hussein Obama , ???????: ?????? 4, 1961), ???????? ???????????????, ?????? ????????????? 44??? ?????????????? ?????. 2008 ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????.??????? 6, 2012 ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. [1] ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? (?????) ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????-???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????.

????????? ????????????????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????????? (community organizer) ?????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????. 1997??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? 2004 ??? ???????? ?????????. 1992 ????? 2004 ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????????. 2000??? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? 2003 ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????, 2004?? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ??????? ??????? 2004 ??? ???????? ????? ????????? 70% ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.

2004??? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. 2006??? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???????, ???????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????. ???????? 2007??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????.

???????? ???????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ????? ????????????????? (University of Hawaii) ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? , ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? [2] . ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? [3] . ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????? 1971??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? 1982??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????????. ?????? ??? ?????? 1995??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. 2008??? ??????? 3 ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???????????? [4] .

????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???????? 1983??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? , ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????? [5] . ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????. 1985 ????? 1988 ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? [6] .

1988??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? (Harvard Law Review) ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? [7] . ?????? 1991??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. 1995??? "???????? ?????? ?? ??????" (Dreams From My Father) ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????. ??????? ???????????? ???????? 1992??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????. 1993??? ??? ???? ?????????????? ???????? 1996 ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? [8] . ???? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????; ???????? 1992??? ???????? ????????. ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????, ????? (??. 1998) ??????? ???? (??. 2001) ?????????.

??????? ?????????????? (1997-2004) [ ???? ]

???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? 13??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? 1996??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? (????? ???) ?????????????????????? [9] . ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? [10] . ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????, ????????? (welfare) ?????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. 2001??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????. 2003??? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

1998????? 2002????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????. 2000??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. [11] [12] ????? 2003??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????. ??????? 2004??? ???????? ????????? ???????????????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????????. [13]

2004 ????? ?????? [ ???? ]

??? 2002???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????? 2003??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? [14] . ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? 15 fat lady with chicken??????????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? 2004??? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????? 52% ????????? ????????. ???? 2004??? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? [15] .

??????? , ????????????? ???? 2004??? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? [16] . ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????, "????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????; ??? ?????? ???????? ????" ("There is not a liberal America and a conservative America, there's the United States of America.") [17] ??????? 2004 ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? 70% ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????.

????? ??????????, 2005-2008 [ ???? ]

????? 4 , 2005??? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????? 4, 2005 ????? ????? ?????????????? [18] . 2007??? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? (National Journal) ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ?????????.????? ?????????? ???? 2008??? 11??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? [19] .

?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????

2005????? 2006????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? [20] [21] . ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ???????? " ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????" ???????? 2006??? ?????????. ?????? ???? [22] , ????? ???? ?????? [23] , ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????.

?????????????? [ ???? ]

????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????

????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? 2006 ??? ????? ??????????? ????????????? [24] . ????? 2007??? ???????? ??????????????????? ????? ????????, ??????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????. ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? , ?????? ??????? , ?????? ????? , ??????? ????????????????? ????? ???????????? [25] [26] [27] [28] .

2008 ?????????? ?????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

2007??? ???????? 10??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? [29] [30] . ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????? [31] . ????? 6 ?????????? ????????? ?????????? $ 58 ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? 2008??? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? , ?????? , ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????.

?????? 2008??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 20 ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? [32] .

???????????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????

?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? (convention delegates) ????????? ????????. ???? 3 ??? ???? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? [33] [34] . ?????? ???? 7 ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????.

?????? 23??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? [35] . ??????? , ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????.

??????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ????????????.

???????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? [36] . ???????? 2002??? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????-????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? [37] . 2005??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? [38] . ??????? 2006??? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????????? [39] . ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? [40] .

"??? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ????????? ?????????!’" [41]

? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????

?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????. ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????????? [42] . ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? [43] . ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? [44] .

??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? 1930????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????????? [45] . ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ????? ??????????????? [46] . ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ????????????. ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? 50,000 ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? [47] . ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? [48] .

??????????? ???????????? [ ???? ]

1989??? ????? ???? ????????????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? 3, 1992 ???????? ????????. ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? 1998??? ????????? [49] . ????????? ???? ??????? ???? 2001??? ????????? [50] . ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? , ???????????????, ?????? ?? ????????????? , ??????? ???????? ??????? [51] . ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????????.

???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????????? [52]

????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? $1.6 ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? [53] . 2007??? ????????? ???????? $4.2 ????????? ??????????; ????? ???????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????? [54] .

????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? [55] . ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? [56] .

????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ????????? ????????? ????????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? [57] [58] .

???? ???????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???? 24, 2008 ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????

???????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???????, ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????, ??? ???? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? 1960????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? [59] . ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????? [60] . ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ???? 2008??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? 26% ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????????????????????? [61] .

???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? [62] . ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????? [63] .

?????????? 2008??? 22 ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? [64] . ????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ???? ????????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? 9% ?????? ????????????????.

???????? [ ???? ]

10.12.2013 ????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? , ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????.

1961?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????, ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????????????. [65]

?????????? [ ???? ]

  • ?????, ????? (1995). Dreams from My Father : A Story of Race and Inheritance . ???? ??????? ??????? . ??????????? ?????????? ???   0307383415 .
  • ?????, ????? (17 ???????? 2006). The Audacity of Hope : Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream . ?????? ????????? ??????? / ???? ??????? ???????. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0307237699 .
  • ?????, ????? (27 ?????? 2007). Barack Obama in His Own Words . ??????? ???????? . ??????????? ?????????? ???   0786720573 . {{ cite book }} : Check date values in: |date= ( help )
  • ?????? ?????? ???? (17 ?????? 2007). The State of Black America 2007: Portrait of the Black Male (????? ????????? ???????? ed.). ??????? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0931761859 . {{ cite book }} : Check date values in: |date= ( help )
  • ?????, ????? (????-?????? 2007). "Renewing American Leadership" . ??????? ???????? 86 (4) . http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070701faessay86401/barack-obama/renewing-american-leadership.html . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .  
  • ?????, ????? (1 ?????? 2008). Barack Obama: What He Believes In - From His Own Works . ????? ?????. ??????????? ?????????? ???   1604501170 . {{ cite book }} : Check date values in: |date= ( help ) ; Text "coauthors: ????? " ignored ( help )
  • ?????, ????? (13 ???? 2008). Barack Obama vs. John McCain - Side by Side Senate Voting Record for Easy Comparison . ????? ?????. ??????????? ?????????? ???   1604502495 . {{ cite book }} : Check date values in: |date= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( help )
  • Change We Can Believe In: Barack Obama's Plan to Renew America's Promise (????? ????????? ???????? ed.). ???? ??????? ???????. 9 ?????????? 2008. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0307460452 . {{ cite book }} : Check date values in: |date= ( help )

??????????? ????????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ "????? ???????? ??????????" . ????????. 08 ??????? 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 08 ??????? 2012 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= ( help )
  2. ↑ "The truth about Barack's birth certificate" . my.barackobama.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-26 . ????????????? ???? 2008-06-13 .
  3. ↑ Obama (1995), pp. 125?126. See also: Jones, Tim (27 March 2007). "Obama's Mom: Not Just a Girl from Kansas" . Chicago Tribune ??? ????????? ??????? 2012-07-29 ?????. ?????????????. . https://archive.today/20120729220937/http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/politics/government/barack-obama-PEPLT007408.topic . ??????? ????: 2008-04-13 .  
  4. ↑ "Barack Obama, asked about drug history, admits he inhaled" . International Herald Tribune. 2006-10-25. Archived from the original on 2006-11-04 . ????????????? ???? 2008-08-31 .
  5. ↑ Scott, Janny (30 October 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say" . The New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-13 .   Obama (1995), pp. 133?140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62?63.
  6. ↑ Matchan, Linda (1990-02-15). "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe : p. 29 ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-06-06 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080606010101/http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=&s.author=Linda+Matchan&s.tab=globe&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate&docType=&date=&s.startDate=1990-02-15&s.endDate=1990-02-15 . ??????? ????: 2008-06-06 .   Corr, John (1990-02-27). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer : p. C01 . http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&p_theme=pi&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PI&s_search_type=customized&s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=(John%20Corr)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes . ??????? ????: 2008-06-06 .  
  7. ↑ Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (2007-01-28). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice" . The Boston Globe . http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full . ??????? ????: 2008-06-15 .  
  8. ↑ Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) (2007-02-10). "Obama got start in civil rights practice" . The Boston Globe ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-02-22 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070222090724/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice . ??????? ????: 2008-06-15 .  
  9. ↑ Jackson, David; Ray Long (3 April 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot" . Chicago Tribune ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-12-05 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20071205205544/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-070403obama-ballot,1,57567.story . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .   White, Jesse (2001). "Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment". Illinois Blue Book 2001?2002 . Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State . pp. p. 65. {{ cite book }} : |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) ; |archive-url= requires |url= ( help ) ; |pages= has extra text ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored ( help ) State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.
  10. ↑ Slevin, Peter (9 February 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol" . Washington Post . http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .   Helman, Scott (23 September 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Dealt with Lobbyists" . Boston Globe . http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .   See also: "Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics" . Associated Press (CBS News). 17 January 2007 . http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .   "In-Depth Look at Obama's Political Career" (video). CLTV (Chicago Tribune). 9 February 2007 ??? ????????? ??????? 2019-04-07 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20190407014705/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .  
  11. ↑ "Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results - Illinois" . Federal Election Commission . ????????????? ???? 2008-04-24 . . See also: "Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid" . and Scott, Janny (9 September 2007). "A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama" . The New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .  
  12. ↑ McClelland, Edward (12 February 2007). "How Obama Learned to Be a Natural" . Salon . http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .   See also: Wolffe, Richard; Daren Briscoe (16 July 2007). "Across the Divide" . Newsweek (MSNBC) . http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .   Helman, Scott (12 October 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb" . Boston Globe . http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .   and "Obama learned from failed Congress run" .
  13. ↑ Coffee, Melanie (6 November 2004). "Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat" . Associated Press (HPKCC) ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-05-16 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174431/http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap . ??????? ????: 2008-04-20 .  
  14. ↑ Helman, Scott (12 October 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb" . Boston Globe . http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ . ??????? ????: 2008-04-13 .  
  15. ↑ "Ryan Drops Out of Senate Race in Illinois" . CNN . 25 June 2004 . http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/ . ??????? ????: 2008-04-13 .  
  16. ↑ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech" . Chicago Magazine . http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech/ . ??????? ????: 2008-04-13 .  
  17. ↑ Obama, Barack (27 July 2004). "Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention" . BarackObama.com. Archived from the original (text or video ) on 2008-04-03 . ????????????? ???? 2008-04-13 . {{ cite web }} : External link in |format= ( help )
  18. ↑ "Breaking New Ground: African American Senators" . U.S. Senate Historical Office . ????????????? ???? 2008-06-25 .
  19. ↑ KnowLegis. "Power Rankings: Senate" . ????????????? ???? 2008-09-07 .
  20. ↑ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (12 May 2005). "S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act" . Thomas. Archived from the original on 2016-07-04 . ????????????? ???? 2008-04-27 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
  21. ↑ "Latinos Upset Obama Voted for Border Fence" . CBS 2 (Chicago) . 20 November 2006 ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-09-27 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231949/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/local_story_324192245.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .  
  22. ↑ Weixel, Nathaniel (15 November 2007). "Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel" . The Hill . http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .   Weixel, Nathaniel (5 December 2007). "Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation" . The Hill . http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .   See also: "Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007" . Federal Election Commission. 24 September 2007 . http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .  
  23. ↑ Krystin, E. Kasak (7 February 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home" . Medill News Service (The Times (Munster, Indiana)) . http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/02/07/news/illiana/doc65cc98d8dc6506b28625727b0011edb5.txt . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .   "Latest Major Action: 1/30/2007 Referred to Senate committee." U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (30 January 2007). "S. 433, Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007" . Thomas. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14 . ????????????? ???? 2008-04-27 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
  24. ↑ "Committee Assignments" . Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. 2006-12-09. Archived from the original on 2006-12-09 . ????????????? ???? 2008-04-27 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link )
  25. ↑ Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP" . Washington Monthly ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-04-30 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .  
  26. ↑ Goudie, Chuck (12 January 2006). "Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor" . WLS-TV ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-02-11 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070211134944/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=local&id=3806933 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .  
  27. ↑ "Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud" . News24.com . 28 August 2006 ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-06-05 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .  
  28. ↑ Wamalwa, Chris (2 September 2006). "Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark" . The Standard (Nairobi) . http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .   Moracha, Vincent; Mangoa Mosota (4 September 2006). "Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims" . The Standard (Nairobi) . http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-27 .  
  29. ↑ Chicago Tribune , 10 Feb 2008
  30. ↑ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid" . BBC News . 10 February 2007 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .   Video ????????????? 2008-01-21 at the ??????? ????????? at Brightcove.TV.
  31. ↑ "Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?" . Washington Post ??? ????????? ??????? 2012-07-13 ?????. ?????????????. . https://archive.today/20120713090647/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/%23top-priorities#top-priorities . ??????? ????: 2008-04-14 .   See also: Falcone, Michael (21 December 2007). "Obama's 'One Thing'" . The New York Times . http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/ . ??????? ????: 2008-04-14 .  
  32. ↑ Brian Ross; Rehab el-Buri (13 March 2008). "Obama's Pastor: God Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11" . ABC News . http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4443788 . ??????? ????: 2008-03-17 .   See also: Sullivan, Andrew (16 March 2008). "For The Record" . The Daily Dish ( The Atlantic ) . http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/03/for-the-record.html . ??????? ????: 2008-03-18 .  
  33. ↑ "Obama: I will be the Democratic nominee" . CNN.com. 2008-06-04 . http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/03/election.democrats/index.html . ??????? ????: 2008-06-06 .  
  34. ↑ John Whitesides in Washington (2008-06-04). "Obama clinches nomination" . Herald Sun (Australia) ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-06-07 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080607024837/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23809081-23109,00.html . ??????? ????: 2008-06-06 .  
  35. ↑ Lis Sidoti and Nedra Pickler (2008-08-22). "Obama picks Biden for veep" . ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-08-23 ?????. ?????????????. . https://www.webcitation.org/5aHVDZB5h?url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/veepstakes;_ylt=AjGbUgn_I1l0zlRhA3K64_ms0NUE .  
  36. ↑ Strausberg, Chinta (26 September 2002). "Opposition to war mounts" (paid archive). Chicago Defender : p. 1 ??? ????????? ??????? 2011-05-11 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195931/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html . ??????? ????: 2008-02-03 .  
  37. ↑ Obama, Barack (2 October 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq" . BarackObama.com ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-01-30 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php . ??????? ????: 2008-02-03 .  
  38. ↑ "Obama Warns Pakistan on Al-Qaeda" . BBC News . 1 August 2007 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6926663.stm . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .   For video and text of the speech, see: "Policy Address on Terrorism by The Honorable Barack Obama, United States Senator from Illinois" . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . 1 August 2007 ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-09-30 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201214/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event&event_id=269510 . ??????? ????: 2008-01-30 .   For details of the aborted 2005 military operation, see Mazzetti, Mark (8 July 2007). "Rumsfeld Called Off 2005 Plan to Capture Top Qaeda Figures" . International Herald Tribune ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-07-11 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070711113421/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/07/08/news/qaeda.php . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .  
  39. ↑ For audio and text, see: Obama, Barack (20 November 2006). "A Way Forward in Iraq" . Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Archived from the original on 2008-01-12 . ????????????? ???? 2008-01-14 .
  40. ↑ Obama, Barack (2 March 2007). "AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks" . Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office . ????????????? ???? 2008-01-30 . For Obama's 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see: Mendell, David (25 September 2004). "Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-06-17 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151156/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/699578571.html?dids=699578571:699578571&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .  
  41. ↑ "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2013-09-17 . ????????????? ???? 2014-01-01 .
  42. ↑ Barack Obama.( 2007-10-22 ). Obama-Caucus4Priorities (flv).Obama '08.Retrieved on 2008-05-18 .
  43. ↑ Obama, Barack (July?August 2007). "Renewing American Leadership" . Foreign Affairs 86 (4) . http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070701faessay86401/barack-obama/renewing-american-leadership.html . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .  
  44. ↑ Kuhnhenn, Jim (17 May 2007). "Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings" . Associated Press via SFGate.com ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-06-08 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080608221733/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F05%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fp171906D95.DTL . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .   Obama, Barack (30 August 2007). "Hit Iran Where It Hurts" . New York Daily News . http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2007/08/30/2007-08-30_hit_iran_where_it_hurts.html . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .  
  45. ↑ Franklin, Ben A (1 June 2005). "The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon" . Washington Spectator ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-01-02 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070102091959/http://www.washingtonspectator.com/articles/20050601obama_1.cfm . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .  
  46. ↑ Zeleny, Jeff (12 September 2005). "Judicious Obama Turns Up Volume" . Chicago Tribune . http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-0509120140sep12,1,5984193.story?coll=chi-news-hed . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .   [ ??????????? ??????? ]
  47. ↑ "Study:Bush tax cuts favor wealthy" . CBS. 13 August 2004 . http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/08/16/politics/main636398.shtml . ??????? ????: 2008-04-05 .  
  48. ↑ Zeleny, Jeff (9 October 2007). "Obama Proposes Capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Making Polluters Pay" . The New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/09/us/politics/09obama.html . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .  
  49. ↑ Martin, Jonathan (2008-07-04). "Born on the 4th of July" . The Politico . ????????????? ???? 2008-07-10 .
  50. ↑ Obama (1995), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339?340. See also: "Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama" . Gannett News Service . ????????????? ???? 2008-04-28 .
  51. ↑ Fornek, Scott (9 September 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'" . Chicago Sun-Times ??? ????????? ??????? 2010-01-18 ?????. ?????????????. . https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng . ??????? ????: 2008-06-24 .   See also: "Interactive Family Tree" . Chicago Sun-Times . 9 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-07-03 . ????????????? ???? 2008-06-24 .
  52. ↑ "Senator Barack Obama Visit to CJTF-HOA and Camp Lemonier: 31 August?1 September 2006" (video). Combined Joint Task Force?Horn of Africa (YouTube). 6 February 2007 . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9GqdzQeCz0 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-28 .  
  53. ↑ "Obama: I trusted Rezko" . 2008-03-15. Archived from the original on 2008-05-22 . ????????????? ???? 2008-09-16 .
  54. ↑ Zeleny, Jeff (17 April 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million" . The New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-28 .  
  55. ↑ Kantor, Jodi (1 June 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow" . The New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-28 .   See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). HBO: Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel (YouTube (BarackObama.com)). 15 April 2008 . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1Lqm5emQl4 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-28 .  
  56. ↑ Parsons, Christi (6 February 2007). "Obama Launches an '07 Campaign?To Quit Smoking" . Chicago Tribune ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-05-09 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070509044039/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-0702060167feb06,0,373462.story . ??????? ????: 2008-04-28 .  
  57. ↑ Obama (2006), pp. 202?208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (23 October 2006). "My Spiritual Journey" . Time ??? ????????? ??????? 2013-08-23 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20130823140907/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-28 .  
  58. ↑ Obama, Barack (2006-06-28). " 'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address" . Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois (website) . Archived from the original on 2009-01-04. {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( |date= suggested) ( help ) CS1 maint: date and year ( link )
  59. ↑ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?" . Washington Monthly ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-05-13 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153556/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .   See also: Scott, Janny ( ???????? 28 , 2007 ). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line" . International Herald Tribune ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-01-17 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .  
  60. ↑ Dickerson, Debra J ( ????? 22 2007). "Colorblind" . Salon ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-01-02 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080102092223/http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2007/01/22/obama/index_np.html . ??????? ????: 2008-01-14 .   For a sampling of views by other black commentators see: Younge, Gary (posted ???????? 27 2006 ( ??????? 13 2006 issue)). "Obama: Black Like Me" . The Nation ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-03-11 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080311100153/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20061113/younge . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .   Crouch, Stanley ( ??????? 2 2006). "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me" . New York Daily News ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-03-08 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070308142850/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ideas_opinions/story/467300p-393261c.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .   Washington, Laura ( ????? 1 2007 ). "Whites May Embrace Obama, But Do 'Regular Black Folks'?" . Chicago Sun-Times ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-06-17 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080617083211/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obamacommentary/193216,CST-EDT-LAURA01.article . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .   Page, Clarence ( ???????? 25 2007 ). "Is Barack Black Enough? Now That's a Silly Question" . Houston Chronicle ??? ????????? ??????? 2007-03-08 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070308133020/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/outlook/4580864.html . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .  
  61. ↑ Jonathan Darman, Glow Fading? ????????????? 2008-10-14 at the ??????? ????????? , Newsweek online exclusive (11 July 2008).
  62. ↑ Dorning, Mike ( ???????? 4 2007 ). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-06-17 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150439/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .   See also: Harnden, Toby ( ???????? 15 2007 ). "Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide" . Daily Telegraph ??? ????????? ??????? 2008-04-03 ?????. ?????????????. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080403091557/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F10%2F12%2Fwobama112.xml . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .  
  63. ↑ Noonan, Peggy ( ???????? 15 2006). "The Man From Nowhere" . OpinionJournal (Wall Street Journal) . http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/pnoonan/?id=110009388 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .   See also: Obama (2006), pp. 122?124. For Noonan's comments on Obama winning the January 2008 Iowa Caucus, see: Noonan, Peggy ( ????? 4 2008). "Out With the Old, In With the New" . OpinionJournal (Wall Street Journal) . http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/pnoonan/?id=110011083 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-07 .  
  64. ↑ World wants Obama as president: poll
  65. ↑ ????? ????????????? ????????: ?????????

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