?????????????

?????????????
Antarctica
????????	14,000,000 km 2 (5,400,000 sq mi)
??????????	5,000 ???????? ???????
???? ??.??.?.	.aq

????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ( Antarctica ) ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????????. ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? 200 ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????? 70 ???????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????????????? ^[2]. ??????????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

????????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?νταρκτικ? (??????????????), ?νταρκτικ?? (antarktikos), ^[3] ?????. ???? ?????? "??????????????? ??????????", "?????????? ??????????" ?????? ?????. ^[4]

??????????????? ???? ????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????? ??.?? 350-??? ?????????????. ^[5] ??.??. ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (??.??. 1-2 ?????????????) ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????????, ^[6]^[7] ????? ??????????????????.

????????????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

????????????????? ??????? 5000 ??????? (16,000 ???) ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????. ???????, 98 ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????????.?????? 7-??? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????. 14.5 ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ????????? 68 ?????????? ??????????????????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????, ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????.. ???????? ????????? ???????? ( 89 ?????? ????????? ), ????????????? ( 1300 Km/Hr ) ????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????, ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????.

????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ( 4892 ??????????) ??????????? ?????.????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????.??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????.???????????????? ????? 70 ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????.

?????????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????????, ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ????????????? ???????????? ????????????????. ??????????????? ?????????? 300 ??.??. ????? ??????.'?????' ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????.. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ??????????????, ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ( Hypothermia ) ??????? ????????????. ???????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ???? ?????????????, ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ???????????? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????

??????????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????? 80 ????????? ????? ????? 90 ????????? ??? ?????????.?????????? 5 ????????? ????? 15 ????????? ??? ?????????.

??????????????? ????? 1,000 ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????.??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????????.

??????????????? ????? 600 ?????????? ??????????? ???? 1.6 ?????? ???????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? 50 ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????????.

??????????? ???????????? [ ???? ]

?? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????.??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ?????????, ?????, ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.

?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, 14, ????????, 1911 -??? ???? 3 ?????????, ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????????.

??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????, ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????, 17, ????? 1912-??? ???? ????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????. ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????,??????????,?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????.

??????????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????.???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????.??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? , ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? 140 ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????.

??????? ???????? [ ???? ]

????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????????????? ?????????????.????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ?????.??????, ???? ?? ??? ?????????????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????.

??????? [ ???? ]

?? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????, ^[8] ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????. ^[1]

1959 ????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????, ??????????? 2015 ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ^[9] ????????????????? ?????? 1959 ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????. ??????????????? ???????????????? 60 ° S ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????. ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????? (??????? ???????), ?????? ?????????? , ??????????? , ???? , ??????????? , ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ^[10] ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????, ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????. ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????????.

1983 ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????????. ^[11] ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ^[12] ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????, ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????, ^[13] 1987 ????? 1991 ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? - ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ^[14] ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ^[15] 1988 ??? ???????, ??????????? ???? ??????? (CRAMRA) ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????????. ^[16] ??????????? ???????, ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????. ^[17] ??????????? ??????????????????, ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????????, ????? 14, 1998 ????? ???????? ??????. ^[17]^[18] ??????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????, ??????????????? "???????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????" ????? ???????????????.

??????? [ ???? ]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Antarctica" . The World Factbook . Government of the United States. Archived from the original on 25 ???????? 2018 . ????????????? ???? 22 October 2011 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
↑ "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 2013-04-03 .
↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "Antarktikos". In Crane, Gregory R. (ed.). A Greek?English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library. Tufts University . ????????????? ???? 18 November 2011 .
↑ Hince, Bernadette (2000). The Antarctic Dictionary . CSIRO Publishing. p. 6. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-9577471-1-1 .
↑ Aristotle. Meteorologica. ????????????? 2015-06-27 at the ??????? ????????? Book II, Part 5. 350 BC. Translated by E. Webster. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923. 140 pp.
↑ Hyginus. De astronomia. Ed. G. Vire. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1992. 176 pp.
↑ Apuleii. Opera omnia. Volumen tertium. London: Valpy, 1825. 544 pp.
↑ Rogan-Finnemore, Michelle (2005). "What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean". In Von Tigerstrom, Barbara (ed.). International Law Issues in the South Pacific . Ashgate Publishing. p. 204. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7546-4419-7 . "Australia, New Zealand, ???????? , ?????? and the ?????? ?????????? reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims." ? Google Books link: [1]
↑ Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015). "Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten (Oslo, Norway: Aftenposten) . http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Norge-utvider-Dronning-Maud-Land-helt-frem-til-Sydpolen-8168779.html . ??????? ????: 22 September 2015 . "... formalet med anneksjonen var a legge under seg det landet som til na ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket. Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det gar helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet."
↑ "Antarctic Treaty System ? Parties" . Antarctic Treaty and the Secretariat. Archived from the original on 22 ?????? 2009 . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
↑ "Mining Issues in Antarctica" (PDF) . Antarctica New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2005 . ????????????? ???? 1 September 2003 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ "Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition" . Asoc.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . ????????????? ???? 26 July 2011 .
↑ "World Park Antarctica" . Greenpeace.org . Greenpeace International. 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010 . ????????????? ???? 26 July 2011 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ Greenpeace International(14 January 1998). " Greenpeace applauds Antarctic protection victory ". ???????? ????????. ????????????? 2006-02-20 at the ??????? ?????????
↑ "Antarctica: exploration or exploitation?" . New Scientist. 22 June 1991.
↑ "Antarctica, a tale of two treaties" . New Scientist . ????????????? ???? 27 May 2008 .
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 "The Madrid Protocol" . Australian Antarctic Division . ????????????? ???? 22 October 2011 .
↑ Bobo, Jack A. "Antarctic Treaty Papers" . Archived from the original on 23 May 2011 . ????????????? ???? 19 October 2009 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

[CIAfactbook-People-1] 1.0 ^1.1 United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Antarctica" . The World Factbook . Government of the United States. Archived from the original on 25 ???????? 2018 . ????????????? ???? 22 October 2011 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )

[2] "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 2013-04-03 .

[3] Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "Antarktikos". In Crane, Gregory R. (ed.). A Greek?English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library. Tufts University . ????????????? ???? 18 November 2011 .

[4] Hince, Bernadette (2000). The Antarctic Dictionary . CSIRO Publishing. p. 6. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-9577471-1-1 .

[5] Aristotle. Meteorologica. ????????????? 2015-06-27 at the ??????? ????????? Book II, Part 5. 350 BC. Translated by E. Webster. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923. 140 pp.

[6] Hyginus. De astronomia. Ed. G. Vire. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1992. 176 pp.

[7] Apuleii. Opera omnia. Volumen tertium. London: Valpy, 1825. 544 pp.

[mutualrecog-8] Rogan-Finnemore, Michelle (2005). "What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean". In Von Tigerstrom, Barbara (ed.). International Law Issues in the South Pacific . Ashgate Publishing. p. 204. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7546-4419-7 . "Australia, New Zealand, ???????? , ?????? and the ?????? ?????????? reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims." ? Google Books link: [1]

[9] Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015). "Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten (Oslo, Norway: Aftenposten) . http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Norge-utvider-Dronning-Maud-Land-helt-frem-til-Sydpolen-8168779.html . ??????? ????: 22 September 2015 . "... formalet med anneksjonen var a legge under seg det landet som til na ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket. Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det gar helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet."

[10] "Antarctic Treaty System ? Parties" . Antarctic Treaty and the Secretariat. Archived from the original on 22 ?????? 2009 . ????????????? ???? 20 October 2009 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )

[11] "Mining Issues in Antarctica" (PDF) . Antarctica New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2005 . ????????????? ???? 1 September 2003 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[12] "Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition" . Asoc.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . ????????????? ???? 26 July 2011 .

[13] "World Park Antarctica" . Greenpeace.org . Greenpeace International. 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010 . ????????????? ???? 26 July 2011 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[14] Greenpeace International(14 January 1998). " Greenpeace applauds Antarctic protection victory ". ???????? ????????. ????????????? 2006-02-20 at the ??????? ?????????

[15] "Antarctica: exploration or exploitation?" . New Scientist. 22 June 1991.

[16] "Antarctica, a tale of two treaties" . New Scientist . ????????????? ???? 27 May 2008 .

[AUgovAntartica-Madrid-17] 17.0 ^17.1 "The Madrid Protocol" . Australian Antarctic Division . ????????????? ???? 22 October 2011 .

[18] Bobo, Jack A. "Antarctic Treaty Papers" . Archived from the original on 23 May 2011 . ????????????? ???? 19 October 2009 .

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?? ? ?? ????
?????????	??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????????
?????????????	????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????
????????	Age of the Earth ???????? ???? ???????? Extremes on Earth ?????????? Geological history Geologic record ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????
??????????	???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????
?????????????	Biome ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????? Human impact on the environment ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????????? ??????? ??????	??????????????? ????????? ???????? Digital mapping In culture ???? ???? World economy ?????????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? s ?????
???? ????????	Earth's orbit ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? Geology of solar terrestrial planets ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????
' Outline of Earth ????????