?ensko pravo glasa
je izraz kojim se danas ozna?ava u svetu uglavnom op?teprihva?eni koncept prema kojem mu?karci i ?ene imaju jednako
pravo glasa
, odnosno da je
op?te pravo glasa
, a s njime i moderni koncept
demokratije
nezamisliv ukoliko ne uklju?uje jednakopravnost mu?karaca i ?ena na birali?tima. U istorijskom kontekstu taj izraz se odnosi na
feministi?ki pokret
za ?ensko pravo glasa koji se pojavio u zapadnim industrijskim dr?avama u 19. veku i kulminirao u 20. veku. Od tih pokreta su najpoznatije bile
sufra?etkinje
, a dana?nji feministi?ki istori?ari ga sme?taju u tzv.
feminizam prvog talasa
. Danas je ?ensko pravo glasa prihva?eno u gotovo svim dr?avama sveta. Jedini izuzetak predstavljaju određene zemlje, gde se ?enama ne daje pravo glasa iz verskih razloga.
Po?ev od sredine 19. veka, osim rada koji ?ene obavile na ?irokoj ekonomskoj i politi?koj jednakosti i na socijalnim reformama, ?ene su nastojale da promene zakone o glasanju kako bi im omogu?ile da glasaju.
[1]
Nacionalne i međunarodne organizacije su osnovane da bi se koordinisali napori s tim ciljem, posebno
Međunarodni savez za ?ensko pravo glasa
(osnovan 1904. u
Berlinu
, Nema?ka), kao i za jednaka građanska prava ?ena.
[2]
Bilo je vi?e slu?ajeva u poslednjim vekovima kada je ?enama selektivno davano, a zatim oduzeto, bira?ko pravo. Prva provincija na svetu koja je dodelila i odr?avala
bira?ko pravo
bila su
Ostrva Pitkern
1838. godine, a prva suverena dr?ava bila je Norve?ka 1913. godine, po?to je
Kraljevina Havaji
, koja je prvobitno imala op?te pravo glasa 1840. godine, ukinula ovo pravo 1852. godine.
Sjedinjene Dr?ave
su je potom pripojile 1898. U godinama nakon 1869. godine, brojne provincije koje su dr?ale Britanska i Ruska imperija dodeljivale su ?ensko pravo glasa, a neke od njih su kasnije postale suverene dr?ave, poput Novog Zelanda, Australije, i Finske. ?ene koje su posedovale imovinu stekle su pravo glasa na
Ostrvu Men
1881. godine, a 1893. godine ?ene u tada?njoj samoupravnoj
[3]
britanskoj
koloniji Novi Zeland
dobile su pravo glasa. U Australiji su ?ene koje nisu Aborid?inskog porekla progresivno stekle pravo glasa između 1894. i 1911. (federalno 1902).
[4]
Pre osamostaljenja, u ruskom
Velikom vojvodstvu Finska
?ene su prve na svetu stekle rasno jednako pravo glasa, sa pravom glasa i kandidovanja 1906. godine.
[5]
[6]
[7]
Ve?ina zapadnih sila pro?irila je glasa?ka prava na ?ene u međuratnom periodu, uklju?uju?i Kanadu (1917), Britaniju i Nema?ku (1918), Austriju i Holandiju (1919) i Sjedinjene Dr?ave (1920). Zna?ajni izuzeci u Evropi bili su Francuska, gde ?ene nisu mogle glasati do 1944. godine, Gr?ka (jednaka glasa?ka prava za ?ene tamo nisu postojala do 1952. godine, iako su od 1930. godine pismene ?ene mogle da glasaju na lokalnim izborima) i ?vajcarska (gde su, od 1971. ?ene su mogle glasati na saveznom nivou, a između 1959. i 1990. ?ene su imale pravo glasa na nivou lokalnog kantona). Otkako je Saudijska Arabija ?enama odobrila glasa?ka prava (2015), ?ene mogu glasati u svakoj zemlji koja ima izbore.
[8]
Lesli Hjum
tvrdi da je Prvi svetski rat promenio popularno raspolo?enje:
Doprinos ?ena ratnim naporima osporavao je pojam fizi?ke i mentalne inferiornosti ?ena i ote?avao je stanovi?te da su ?ene, po konstituciji i po temperamentu, nesposobne za glasanje. Ako su ?ene mogle da rade u fabrikama municije, izgledalo je i nezahvalno i nelogi?no uskratiti im mesto na
glasa?kom
?tandu. Ali glasanje je bilo mnogo vi?e od puke nagrade za ratni rad; poenta je bila u tome ?to je u?e??e ?ena u ratu pomoglo da se odagnaju strahovi koji su okru?ivali ulazak ?ena u javnu arenu.
[9]
Godine dobijanja prava glasa
[
уреди
|
уреди извор
]
Dr?ave gdje ?enskog prava glasa nema ili je ograni?eno
[
уреди
|
уреди извор
]
- Bock, Gisela
. Das politische Denken des Suffragismus: Deutschland um 1900 im internationalen Vergleich, in: Gisela Bock:
Geschlechtergeschichten der Neuzeit
, Goettingen 2014, 168?203.
- Bush, Julia (2007).
Women against the vote: female anti-suffragism in Britain
. Oxford UP.
.
- Crawford, Elizabeth.
The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866?1928
(1999), worldwide coverage; 800pp;
online
Архивирано
на са?ту
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(20. новембар 2018)
- Fletcher, Ian Christopher, Laura E. Nym Mayhall, and
Philippa Levine
, eds.
Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation, and Race
. Oxon: Routledge. 2000.
- Grimshaw, Patricia
(1972).
Women's Suffrage in New Zealand
. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
- Hannam, June, Mitzi Auchterlonie, and Katherine Holden.
International encyclopedia of women's suffrage
(Abc-Clio Inc, 2000).
- Hannam, June. "International Dimensions of Women's Suffrage: ‘at the crossroads of several interlocking identities’". ?Women's History Review”.
14.3?
.
4
(2005): 543?560.
.
- Lloyd, Trevor,
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(New York:
American Heritage
Press, 1971).
- Magarey, Susan
(2001).
Passions of the First Wave Feminists
. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
- Markoff, John (2003).
?Margins, Centers, and Democracy: The Paradigmatic History of Women's Suffrage”
.
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
.
29
(1): 85?116.
JSTOR
10.1086/375678
.
S2CID
143397898
.
doi
:
10.1086/375678
.
- Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (2003).
The Militant Suffrage Movement: Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860?1930
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Nolan, Melanie
, and Caroline Daley, ур. (1994).
Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives
. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
- Owens, Rosemary Cullen.
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(Irish Books & Media, 1984).
- Raeburn, Antonia (1973).
Militant Suffragettes
. London:
New English Library
.
on Great Britain
- Ramirez, Francisco O.; Soysal, Yasemin; Shanahan, Suzanne (1997).
?The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women's Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990”
.
American Sociological Review
.
62
(5): 735?745.
JSTOR
2657357
.
doi
:
10.2307/2657357
.
- Sangster, Joan (2018).
One Hundred Years of Struggle: The History of Women and the Vote in Canada
. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press.
- Sulkunen, Irma, Seija-Leena Nevala-Nurmi; Pirjo Markkola (2008).
Suffrage, Gender and Citizenship: International Perspectives on Parliamentary Reforms
. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- van Wingerden, Sophia A (1999).
The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain, 1866?1928
. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Walker, Cherryl
.
The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa
. Cape Town: Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, 1979.
- Wright, Clare
(2018).
You Daughters of Freedom: The Australians Who Won the Vote and Inspired the World
. Melbourne: Text Publishing.
- Baker, Jean H.
.
Sisters: The Lives of America's Suffragists.
Hill and Wang, New York. 2005.
ISBN
0-8090-9528-9
.
- DuBois, Ellen Carol
and
Dumenil, Lynn
, eds.
Through Women's Eyes: An American History with Documents
.
.
456
(475). 1999.
.
- DuBois, Ellen Carol (1997).
Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage
. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press
.
ISBN
0-300-06562-0
.
- DuBois, Ellen Carol (2020).
Suffrage: Women's Long Battle for the Vote
. New York City:
Simon & Schuster
.
ISBN
978-1-5011-6516-0
.
- Flexner, Eleanor
.
Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States,
enlarged edition with Foreword by Ellen Fitzpatrick (1959, 1975; Cambridge and London:
The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press
). 1996.
ISBN
0-674-10653-9
.
- Kraditor, Aileen S.
.
Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890?1920.
(1965).
- Mackenzie, Midge
(1975).
Shoulder to Shoulder: A Documentary
. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf
.
ISBN
0-394-73070-4
.
- Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn
(1998).
African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850?1920
. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Tetrault, Lisa (2014).
The Myth of
Seneca Falls
: Memory and the Women's Suffrage Movement, 1848?1898
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- World Chronology
Архивирано
на са?ту
Wayback Machine
(5. ?ул 2011)
- CIA Yearbook: Suffrage
- "Winning the Vote", international woman suffrage timeline
Архивирано
на са?ту
Wayback Machine
(11. децембар 2002)
- Legal Status Of Women In Iowa
(
1894
), Jennie Lansley Wilson.
- Photographs of U.S. suffragettes, marches, and demonstrations
- Photo Essay on Women's Suffrage by the International Museum of Women
- Women's Suffrage
, "A World Chronology of the Recognition of Women's Rights to Vote and to Stand for Election".
- Suffrage in Canada
- Press release with respect to Qatar and Yemen
- UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts
- Ada James papers and correspondence (1915?1918)
? a digital collection presented by the
University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center
.
Ada James (1876?1952)
was a leading a social reformer, humanitarian, and pacifist from
Richland Center
, Wisconsin and daughter of
State Senator
David G. James. The Ada James papers document the grass roots organizing and politics required to promote and guarantee the passage of women's suffrage in Wisconsin and beyond.
- Women's suffrage in Germany
Архивирано
на са?ту
Wayback Machine
(18. септембар 2019) ? January 19, 1919 ? first suffrage (active and passive) for women in Germany
- Suffragists vs. Suffragettes
? brief article outlining origins of term "suffragette", usage of term and links to other sources.
- Women in Congress
? Information about women who have served in the U.S. Congress including historical essays that cover suffrage.
- Culture Victoria ? historical images and videos for the Centenary of Women's Suffrage
- Woman suffragist, Mary Ellen Ewing vs the Houston School Board ?
Collection at the University of Houston Digital Library.
Архивирано
на са?ту
Wayback Machine
(18. ма? 2013)
- Gayle Olson-Raymer, "The Early Women's Movement"
, 17-page teaching guide for high school students, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools
- Women's Suffrage and Equal Rights
in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
- Select "Suffrage" subject, at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection
,
Cornell University Library
- Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838?1919
- Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party
- Detailed Chronology of National Woman's *Digitized items from the [https://www.loc.gov/collections/national-american-woman-suffrage-association/about-this-collection/ National American Women's Suffrage Collection
in the
Rare Book and Special Collections Division
of the
Library of Congress
- UP & DOING!
, a video re-enactment of the 1894 passage of women's suffrage in South Australia produced by the
Parliament of South Australia
- “Let the Women Vote!,”
PBS Utah, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the
University of Georgia
,
American Archive of Public Broadcasting