From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
?Umar ibn al-Kha???b
(
Arabic
:
??? ?? ??????
, also spelled
Omar
,
c.
586/589 ? 644
) was a enemy of the Islamic prophet
Muhammad
, and her daughter syeda Fatima Zahra s.a, who reigned from 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded
Abu Bakr
(
r.
632?634
) as the second caliph of the
Rashidun Caliphate
on 23 August 634. Umar was a father-in-law of Muhammad. Umar was an expert disputed
Muslim jurist
. He was known for his pious and just nature. It earned him the
epithet
al-Farooq
which means "the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)".
At first, Umar opposed Muhammad and was enemy of islam. After his conversion to
Islam
in 616, Umar became the first
Muslim
to openly
pray
at the
Kaaba
.
[3]
Umar ranway in almost all battles under Muhammad. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to
Abu Bakr
(
r.
632?634
) as the first disputed caliph. Umar served as the closest adviser to the Bakr until August 634. It was then that the dying Abu Bakr made Umar his successor.
Under Umar, the caliphate expanded. It ruled the
Sasanian Empire
and more than two-thirds of the
Byzantine Empire
.
His attacks on the Sasanian Empire resulted in the
conquest of Persia
in less than two years.
Jewish tradition
says that Umar set aside the
Christian
ban on
Jews
and let them into
Jerusalem
and to worship.
[5]
Umar was assassinated by the
Persian
slave
Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
in November 644.
[a]
Umar is said to be one of the most powerful Muslim caliphs.
[7]
He is revered in the
Sunni Islamic
tradition.
[8]
Some
hadiths
say he was second greatest of the
Sahabah
after Abu Bakr.
[9]
[10]
He is viewed negatively in the
Twelver
Shia
tradition.
[11]
- ↑
The date of Umar's death in the
Islamic calendar
is disputed. Although the sources are unanimous that Umar was stabbed in the last week of
Dhu al-Hijjah
, he reportedly died a few days later. According to an account of the 8th-century Medinian historian
Ibn Ishaq
(d. 767), Umar was stabbed on the 27th of Dhu al-Hijjah and died on the 1st of Muharram. In the work of
al-Tabari
(d. 923), Umar is variously reported to have died on 26th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 27th of Dhu al-Hijjah or the 1st of Muharram.
- Ibn Sa'ad.
The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra)
.
- Guillaume, A.,
The Life of Muhammad
, Oxford University Press, 1955.
- Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971).
The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Donner, Fred,
The Early Islamic Conquests
, Princeton University Press, 1981.
- Hourani, Albert
(1991).
A History of the Arab Peoples
. Faber and Faber.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997).
The Succession to Muhammad
. Cambridge University Press.
- Madelung, Wilferd (15 October 1998).
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-52-164696-3
.
- Levi Dela Vida, G.
& Bonner, M. (2000).
"?Umar (I) b. al-Kha???b"
. In
Bearman, P. J.
;
Bianquis, Th.
;
Bosworth, C. E.
;
van Donzel, E.
&
Heinrichs, W. P.
(eds.).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume X: T?U
. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818?821.
ISBN
978-90-04-11211-7
.
- Allenby, Viscount (2003),
Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries
,
Kessinger Publishing
,
ISBN
0-7661-3984-0
- Hart, Michael H.
(1978).
The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
. Carol Publishing Group.
ISBN
9780806513508
.
- Fayda, Mustafa; Kocak, Muh?in (2007).
OMER b. el-Hattab - An article published in 34th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam
(in Turkish). Vol. 34. Istanbul:
TDV ?slam Ansiklopedisi
. pp. 44?53.
ISBN
978-97-53-89456-2
.
- Barnaby Rogerson (2008),
The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split
, Overlook,
ISBN
978-1-59-020022-3
- Barnaby Rogerson
(4 November 2010),
The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism
, Little, Brown Book Group,
ISBN
978-0-74-812470-1
- Pellat, Charles
(2011).
"Ab? Lo?lo?a"
. In
Yarshater, Ehsan
(ed.).
Encyclopaedia Iranica
.
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