The first time we know an actor worked was in 534 B.C. The changes in
calendar
between then and now make the year uncertain. This actor was called
Thespis
and he was
Greek
. The place where the play happened was called the
Theatre Dionysus
in Athens, and he won a competition. He was the first person to speak words as a character. This was a big change in
storytelling
. Before then, people sang and danced stories, but no one had been a person in the story. Today we call actors "thespians" because of Thespis.
In the past, the name "actor" was only for men. Women only began performing often in the
17th century
. People called them "actresses". In the ancient world and in the
Middle Ages
, people thought it was bad (shameful) for a woman to act.
Today, the word "actor" is for both men and women, because some people think the name "actress" is
sexist
. But people also use the word
actress
very often.
Swapped Roles
change
Actresses in Men's Roles
change
Women actors sometimes act the roles of young boys, because in some ways a woman is more similar to a boy than a man is. For example, a woman usually plays the role of
Peter Pan
. In pantomime, a sort of play for children (not the same as
mime
), the most important young man is also a woman.
Opera
has some "pants roles" which women traditionally sing. These women are usually
mezzo-sopranos
, which means they sing with a voice that is high but not very high. Examples are Hansel in
Hansel and Gretel
, and Cherubino in
The Marriage of Figaro
.
Mary Pickford
played the part of "Little Lord Fauntleroy" in the first film version of the book.
Linda Hunt
won an
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
in
The Year of Living Dangerously
, in which she played the part of a man.
In
comic
theatre and film, people often use a man for a woman's part, or a woman for a man's part ? this has a long history. Most of Shakespeare's comedies have examples of this. Both
Dustin Hoffman
and
Robin Williams
were in popular comedy films where they played most scenes as men in women's
clothes
, pretending to be women.
Actors in Women's Roles
change
In the time of
Shakespeare
, and earlier, all roles in an English play were played by men, meaning even characters such as Juliet, Lady Macbeth, and Cleopatra were first played by men or boys. After the
English Restoration
women were allowed to perform on-stage.
More recently, men have played female roles as a type of humor. Movies with this role reversal include
Mrs. Doubtfire
,
Tootsie
,
Big Momma's House
,
Hairspray
, and
The Nutty Professor
starring
Eddie Murphy
.
Voice acting
change
Voice acting is a special type of acting. It is most commonly used in
animation
for both television and movies. Voice actors are the people who make the voices for the
characters
. They may be the
narrator
in non-animated works.
Actors working in theatre, film, and television have to learn different skills. Skills that work well in one type of acting may not work well in another type of acting.
To act on stage, actors need to learn the stage directions that appear in the script, such as "Stage Left" and "Stage Right". These directions are based on the actor's point of view as he or she stands on the stage facing the audience. Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions "Upstage" (away from the audience) and "Downstage" (towards the audience)
[1]
Theatre actors need to learn blocking, which is "...where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play."
Most scripts specify some blocking. The Director will also give instructions on blocking, such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop.
[1]
Theatre actors need to learn stage combat, which is simulated fighting on stage. Actors may have to simulate "hand-to-hand [fighting] or with sword[-fighting]." Actors are coached by
fight directors
, who help them to learn the choreographed sequence of fight actions.
[1]
D. W. Griffith
first developed acting that would "suit the
cinema
rather than the
theater
." He realized that theatrical acting did not look good on film. Griffith had his actors and actresses to go through weeks of movie acting training.
[2]
Movie actors have to learn to get used to and be comfortable with a camera being in front of them.
[3]
They need to learn to find and stay on their "mark." This is a position on the floor marked with tape. This position is where the lights and camera focus are best. Movie actors also need to learn how to prepare well and perform well on
screen tests
. Screen tests are a filmed
audition
of part of the
script
.
"Unlike the theater actor, who gets to develop a character during...a two- or three-hour performance, the film actor lacks continuity, forcing him or her to come to all the scenes (often shot in reverse order in which they'll ultimately appear) with a character already fully developed."
[2]
"Since film captures even the smallest gesture and magnifies it..., cinema demands a less flamboyant and stylized bodily performance from the actor than does the theater." "The performance of
emotion
is the most difficult aspect of film acting to master: ...the film actor must rely on subtle facial ticks, quivers, and tiny lifts of the eyebrow to create a believable character."
[2]
Some theatre stars "...have made the theater-to-cinema transition quite successfully (
Olivier
,
Glenn Close
, and
Julie Andrews
, for instance), others have not..."
[2]
In television
change
"On a television set, there are typically several cameras angled at the set. Actors who are new to on-screen acting can get confused about which camera to look into."
[4]
TV actors need to learn to use lav mics (
Lavaliere microphones
).
[4]
They need to understand the concept of "frame." "The term frame refers to the area that the camera's lens is capturing."
[4]
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Actors
.