????? ???

????? ????? , ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??, ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???????, ???????, ?????? , ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? '?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????, ?????? , ?????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? '?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? '?? ????? ???? ??????? ??, ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???

????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? '?? ????????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? (????) ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????, ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? '?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???

1950 ??? 1960 ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????-???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????-???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 1971 ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? 1972 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? , ??? ????? ????? ?????, ????????? ????? ???? 1970 ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? 1980 ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????, ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? 1983 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ???, ???????? , ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??, ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???-????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? . ???, ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??, ??? ???? ???????, ????????, ?????, ??????, ????? ??? ??? ????-??? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???

??? [ ???? ]

???????? ????? ????? ???-??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? 1947 ?? ?????? " ?????-?? ???? ?????????? ?????? " ??? 25 ????? 1947 ??? ???? ??. ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??, ??? 14 ????? 1948 ??? US ?????? 2455992 ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ^[1] ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? '?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? '?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???, ?? ?? ????? '?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ^[2] ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???, 1951 ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????; OXO , 1952 ???? EDSAC ?? ?????????? ??. ???? ????? ??? ???-???-?? ??????? ???; ????? ??? ?? , 1958 ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???; ??? ???? ???! , 1961 ???? ??? DEC PDP-1 ??????? ???? MIT ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????-????? ???? ????? ??: ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??, ^[3] OXO ???? ???-???-?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??, ^[4] ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ^[2] ??? ???????! ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? DEC PDP-1 ?? ????? ??????? ??? ^[5]

????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??. ????, 1966 ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???, ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???, ???? ?? ?????????? "?????? ????" ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? 1972 ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ^[2]^[6] ????? ??? '??, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???! ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 1971 ???? ??????? ???? , ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ^[7] ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ???., ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???, 1972 ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ???? -????? ???? , ?? ????? ??? '?? ????? '?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? '?? ??????? ????, ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? 1975 ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ^[2] ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??, ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ^[8]^[9] ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? "????? ????? ?? ????" ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ^[10]^[11]

????? [ ???? ]

↑ U.S. Patent 24,55,992
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 "Welcome to Pong-Story ? Introduction" . Pong-Story. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2007 .
↑ "Welcome to... NIMROD!" . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2007 .
↑ Winter, David. "A.S.Douglas' 1952 Noughts and Crosses game" . PONG-Story. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 .
↑ Rabin, Steve (2005) [14 June 2005]. Introduction to Game Development . Massachusetts: Charles River Media. ISBN 978-1-58450-377-4 .
↑ Orlando, Greg (15 May 2007). "Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming" . Wired News . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved May 7, 2022 .
↑ Marvin Yagoda (2008). "1972 Nutting Associates Computer Space" . Archived from the original on 28 December 2008.
↑ "History of Gaming ? Interactive Timeline of Game History" . PBS . Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 .
↑ Miller, Michael (1 April 2005). A History of Home Video Game Consoles . InformIT . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved May 7, 2022 .
↑ Barton, Mat; Loguidice, Bill (January 9, 2009). "The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry" . Game Developer . Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 . Retrieved May 7, 2022 .
↑ Vendel, Curt; Goldberg, Marty (2012). Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun . Syzygy Press. pp. 26 . ISBN 978-0985597405 .

[1] U.S. Patent 24,55,992

[PongStory2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 "Welcome to Pong-Story ? Introduction" . Pong-Story. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2007 .

[3] "Welcome to... NIMROD!" . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2007 .

[4] Winter, David. "A.S.Douglas' 1952 Noughts and Crosses game" . PONG-Story. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 .

[5] Rabin, Steve (2005) [14 June 2005]. Introduction to Game Development . Massachusetts: Charles River Media. ISBN 978-1-58450-377-4 .

[6] Orlando, Greg (15 May 2007). "Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming" . Wired News . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved May 7, 2022 .

[7] Marvin Yagoda (2008). "1972 Nutting Associates Computer Space" . Archived from the original on 28 December 2008.

[PBS-GameRev-Time-8] "History of Gaming ? Interactive Timeline of Game History" . PBS . Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 .

[InformIT-9] Miller, Michael (1 April 2005). A History of Home Video Game Consoles . InformIT . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved May 7, 2022 .

[10] Barton, Mat; Loguidice, Bill (January 9, 2009). "The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry" . Game Developer . Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 . Retrieved May 7, 2022 .

[11] Vendel, Curt; Goldberg, Marty (2012). Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun . Syzygy Press. pp. 26 . ISBN 978-0985597405 .

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