Water in two states: liquid (including the clouds, which are examples of
aerosols
), and solid (
ice
).
????
???
???? ???? ????? ?? ???
,
?????????
,
???????
, ????? ????? ????
???????
??????? substance
,??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????
????
?? ????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????,????? ??????????
???
? ???? ?? ??????? ???????
H
2
O
, ????????? ?????
???????
??????
???????
??? ?????
??????????
?????
??? ???
??????? ???
?? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? Water is the name of the liquid state of H
2</sub?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ? It forms
precipitation
in the form of
rain
and
aerosols
in the form of
fog
.
Clouds
are formed from suspended droplets of water and
ice
, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of
snow
. The gaseous state of water is
steam
or
water vapor
. Water moves continually through the
water cycle
of
evaporation
,
transpiration
(
evapotranspiration
),
condensation
,
precipitation
, and
runoff
, usually reaching the sea.
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans.
[?]
Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the
air
as
vapor
, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and
precipitation
(0.001%).
[?]
[?]
Water plays an important role in the
world economy
. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture.
[?]
Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of
commodities
(such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and
canals
. ?????? ???? ??????? ??, ????? ??? ???-????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? Water is an excellent
solvent
for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and
washing
. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming,
pleasure boating
,
boat racing
,
surfing
,
sport fishing
, and
Snowflakes
by
Wilson Bentley
, 1902
Liquid water, showing droplets and air bubbles caused by the drops
Model of
hydrogen bonds
(1) between molecules of water.
Capillary action
of water compared to
mercury
.
Impact from a water drop causes an upward "rebound" jet surrounded by circular
capillary waves
.
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface; the oceans contain 96.5% of the Earth's water. The
Antarctic ice sheet
, which contains 61% of all fresh water on Earth, is visible at the bottom. Condensed atmospheric water can be seen as clouds, contributing to the Earth's
albedo
.
Water cycle
???? ????
??? ??? ?.?%
?????? ????????
??????? ??? ?, ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ?????
???? ???
? ???? ??.? degrees Celsius (??.? degrees Fahrenheit)) ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???% ??
?????? ????
????? ?.?% ??
????? ????
? (
???? ????
??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??%-??%, ?????
??? ???
?)
???
??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???
????? ????
?????
?????
??
??? ????? ????? ???
???? ????
?? ?????????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?
- ↑
CIA ? The world facctbook
.
Central Intelligence Agency
. Archived from
the original
on
18 May 2020
? Retrieved on
20 December 2008
?
- ↑
(1993) in Gleick, P.H.:
Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources
. Oxford University Press, 13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth".
- ↑
Water Vapor in the Climate System
Archived
????-??-?? at the
Wayback Machine
, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007).
Vital Water
Archived
????-??-?? at the
Wayback Machine
UNEP
.
Archive copy
. Archived from
the original
on
8 July 2009
? Retrieved on
6 October 2018
?
- ↑
Baroni, L.; Cenci, L.; Tettamanti, M.; Berati, M. (2007). "Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems".
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
.
61
(2): 279?286.
doi
:
10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522
.
PMID
17035955
.