Stembol
[1]
yan ji
Stenbol
(bi?
tirki
:
?stanbul
; bi
yewnani
: Κωνσταντινο?πολι?; latin: Konstantinopolis) bajare heri mezin e Tirkiyeye ye ku weki navenda abori, candi u diroki ya Tirkiye ye. Bajar li ser peraven
Tengava Bosporuse
hatiye avakirin ku be?ek bajer li hela
Ewropaye
ye u be?ek din ji li hela
Asyaye
ye. Te texminkirin ku li Tirkiye nifusa heri zede ya
kurdan
li Stenbol e u nifusa bajer zedetiri 15 milyon kes e ku ji %19 ji nifusa
Tirkiyeye
pek tine.
[2]
Stenbol bajare heri qelebalix e Ewropaye ye u 15em bajare heri mezin e cihane ye.
Bajer weki Bizans (bi yewnani: Βυζ?ντιον,
Bizansyon
) di sedsala 7an e
b.z.
de ji aliye ni?tecihen yewnani yen ji
Megara
ve hatiye avakirin.
[3]
Di sala 330
p.z.
de, imparatore Romaye Konstantine Mezin bajer wek paytexta xwe ya imparatoriye radigihine u pe?i nave bajer weke Romaya Nu (bi yewnani: Ν?α ??μη, Nea Rhom?; bi latini: Nova Roma) binav dike u pi?tre ji bajer weke Konstantinopolis binav dike.
[4]
Di sala 1930an de nave bajer bi fermi hatiye guherandin u bajer weke (bi tirki) ?stanbol hatiye binavkirin. Nave ?stanbul ji nave ku xwemaliyen yewnani bajer ku li bajer kirine ji nave ε?? τ?ν Π?λιν bi romani: eis t?n Polin; 'bajar' hatiye wergirtin.
[4]
Bajer ji aliye kurdan ve weki Stembol u hinek caran ji weki Stenbol te binavkirin.
Bajer neziki 1600 salan weki paytexta imperatoriye xizmet kiriye ev imperatori ne: di dema imperatoriyen Roma/Bizanse (330-1204), Latini (1204-1261), Bizansiya Dereng (1261-1453) u Osmani (1453-1922).
[5]
Bajar bi mezinahi u bandora xwe mezin dibe u di dawiye de dibe yek ji bajaren giringen li ser Reya Ipeke u yek ji bajaren heri giring en diroke. Bajar beri veguhertina we ji bo keleha islami pi?ti Hilwe?ina Konstantinopolise di sala 1453an de bi taybeti pi?ti ku di sala 1517an de dibe cihe xilafeta osmani di dema Roma/Bizanse de di pe?kevtina xiristiyantiye de rolek sereke dilize u malavaniya car ji heft encumenen yekem en ekomeniki dike. Di sala 1923an de, pi?ti ?ere Serxwebuna Tirkiye, Enqere li ?una wi Stenbol buye paytexta Komara Tirkiye ya nu avabuyi.
Bi berfirehbuna bajer re Stembol li 39 navceyan hatiye dabe?kirin.
Li hela Ewropaye
Li hela Asyaye
Bajer di
sedsala 7an beri zayine
bi nave
Byzantion
ji aliye yewnanan ve hatiye ava kirin. Berhemen neolitik en ku di destpeka sedsala 21an de ji hela arkeologan ve hatine kif? kirin, destni?an dikin ku nivgirava Stenbole ji hezarsala 6em e
b.z.
ve ji aliye mirovan ve hatiye bi cih kirin.
[6]
Ev bi cih buna destpeke ku bi belavbuna
?ore?a Neolitik
ve ji
Rojhilata Nezik
berbi
Ewropaye
ve ku ji bo Ewropaye giring bu, beri ku ji hela bilindbuna asta ave ve binav dibe neziki hezar sal dewam kiriye.
[7]
Yekemin bicih buna mirovan a li aliye
Asyaye
,
Gire Fikirtepe
ye ku ji
Serdema Kalkolitik
be ma ye ku berhemen cihware ji salen 5500 heta 3500
b.z.
ye.
[8]
Li aliye Ewropi, neziki xala nivgirave (Sarayburnu), di destpeka hezarsala 1e
b.z.
de cihwarek trakyayi heye. Niviskaren nujen cihware bi toponima trakyayi Ligos ve gire didin ku ji hela Pliny Elder ve weki navek bere ya cihe Bizanse hatiye destni?an kirin.
[9]
[10]
Diroka bajer dema ku ni?tecihen yewnani ji Megara Bizans li aliye Ewropi ye Bosporus ava dikin, bi taybeti li dora 660
b.z.
dest pe dike.
[11]
Ni?tecihan akropolek li teni?ta Kevana Zerin li cihe ni?tecihen destpeke yen Trakyaye ava kirin u aboriya bajare nu ge? kirin.
[12]
Bajar di destpeka sedsala 5an
b.z.
de serdemek kurt a desthilatdariya farisan derbas dike le yewnaniyan bajer di dema
?eren Yewnani u Persan
de ji nu ve ji deste farisan derxist.
[13]
Beri ku bizansiyan di sala 355
b.z.
de serxwebuna xwe bi dest bixe, bajer weki be?ek ji Yekitiya Atinaye u ?ungire we u be?ek ji Yekitiya Duyemin a Atinaye bu. Bajer demek direj bi romayiyan re hevalbend bu ku Bizans di sala 73e
b.z.
de bi fermi buye be?ek ji Imperatoriya Romaye. Biryara Bizanse ya ku aligire Romi Pescennius Nijer li diji imperator Septimius Severus bu je re dibe sedema zirarek mezin ku di dawiya sala 195an de teslim dibe u di du salen dorpeckirina bajer de Stembol weran dibe. Pi?ti penc salan Severus dest bi ji nu ve avakirina Bizanse kir u bajar ji nu ve bi dest xist u li gori hinek hesaban di vi heyame de bajer ji aramiya xwe ya bere zedetir aram dibe.
-
Dimenek ji Stenbole u dimenek ji yek ji piren li ser Tengava Stenbole.
-
Dimenek ji Taxa Levente ku navenda bazirganiye ya Stenbol e.
-
Dimenek ji Birca Kecike.
-
Dimenek ji Birca Galataye.
-
Dimenek ji Tengava Stenbole u Pira li ser tengave.
-
Dimenek ji Qesra Dolmabahceye.
-
Dimenek ji Qada Taksime.
- ^
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.
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.
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.
ISSN
0764-9878
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. Roja gihi?tine
9 tebax
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- ^
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.
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"REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM"
.
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9 tebax
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"L'exarchat bulgare"
.
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.
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web.archive.org
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. Roja gihi?tine
9 tebax
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.
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)
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"The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture"
.
doi
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.
- ^
KURDOGLU, Celik (1 kanuna pa?in 1993).
"Les milieux d'affaires et l'aire turque"
.
CEMOTI
(15): 243?252.
doi
:
10.4000/cemoti.334
.
ISSN
0764-9878
.
- ^
KURDOGLU, Celik (1 kanuna pa?in 1993).
"Les milieux d'affaires et l'aire turque"
.
CEMOTI
(15): 243?252.
doi
:
10.4000/cemoti.334
.
ISSN
0764-9878
.