티베트 (1912年~1951年)

티베트
티베트
???? ; Bod
	國紀文章
國家	勝利의 노래
	; 1942年 티베트의 領土範圍
수도	라싸
最大都市	수도
政治
政治體制	二元執政府制 ; 選擧君主制絶對君主制
立法府	없음 ( 法令 )
지리
面積	1221600 km 2
人文
公用語	標準 티베트語 , 티베트語
데모님	티베트人
人口
1945年 어림	1,000,000 ;
經濟
通話	티베트 스카 , 티베트 스랑 , 티베트 탕카
宗敎
國校	티베트 佛敎 (公式)
기타
現在國家	中華人民共和國 ; ? 티베트 自治區

티베트 ( 티베트語 : ???? 뵈 )는 1912年辛亥革命 으로 淸나라 가 崩壞한 時期부터 1951年中華人民共和國 이 티베트를 倂合했던 時期까지 存續했던 實質的인 獨立國이다. ^[4] 티베트의 間덴 포드랑 은 1642年부터 淸나라의 保護를 받고 있었지만, ^[5] 1912年辛亥革命以後淸나라의 支配는 事實上終結되었다. ^[6]^[7] 1912年中華民國臨時政府가 세워졌을 때, 宣統帝退位調書 를 통해 中華民國이 티베트에 對한 支配權을 移讓받았지만, ^[8]^[9]^[10] 中華民國臨時政府는 티베트에 어떤 行政機關도 마련하지 못했다. 第13代 달라이 라마 는 淸王朝의 崩壞以後中國과의 關係는 끊어졌다고 宣言하며 獨立을 宣布했고, 1913年 몽腸條約 을 締結하여 兩側이 中國으로부터 獨立했다는 것을 相互認定하기도 했다. ^[11] 獨立宣言以後對內外的問題를 自體的으로 解決하면서, 티베트는 國際法에 따라 實質的인 獨立國으로 認定되었지만, ^[4] 어떤 나라도 티베트의 獨立을 承認하지 않았다. ^[12]^[13]

1933年 13代 달라이 라마 의 죽음 以後, 國民黨이 統治하는 中華民國政府와 티베트는 티베트의 地位에 對해 論議하였지만, 어떤 合意點도 導出하지 못했다. ^[14] 티베트의 獨立은 1949年國共內戰 에서 國民黨이 敗北하고, 1950年中國人民解放軍 이 티베트를 合倂하고, 1951年 5月 23日十七皁莢의 가 締結되면서 끝나게 되었다.

같이 보기 [ 編輯 ]

各州 [ 編輯 ]

↑ Shakabpa (2010) , 763, 1021쪽.
↑ Nakamura, Haije (1964). 〈Absolute Adherence to the Lamaist Social Order〉. 《Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan》. University of Hawaii Press. 327쪽.
↑ Goldstein (1989) , 611쪽.
↑ ^가 ^나 Lin (2011) , 26 쪽 ; Anand (2013) , 112 쪽
↑
- Perkins, Dorothy (2013). 《Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture》 . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-93562-7 .
- Fravel, M. Taylor (2008). 《Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes》 . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2887-6 .
- 《J?nri youzheng, Issues 469-480》今日郵政, Issues 469-480 [Post Today, Issues 469-480] (中國語). 今日郵政月刊社 [Today Post Monthly]. 1997.
- Ling, Chunsheng (1953). 《Bian jiang wen hua lun ji》 (中國語). Zhonghua wen hua chu ban shi ye wei yuan hui, Min guo 42.
↑ Ram Rahul, Central Asia: an outline history 保管됨 13 10月 2017 - 웨이백 머신 , New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1997, p. 42 : "From then [1720] until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet."
↑ Barry Sautman, Tibet's Putative Statehood and International Law, in Chinese Journal of International Law , Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2010, p. 127-142: "Through its Lifan Yuan (Office of Border Affairs ...), the Chinese government handled Tibet's foreign and many of its domestic affairs. During the Qing, Tibet hosted imperial troops and border patrols, and the imperial court appointed Tibetan officials. The Lifan Yuan ... ratified the Dalai and Panchen Lamas, created joint rule by aristocrats and high lamas and elevated the Dalai Lama above the nobles. From 1728, the ... amban handled Tibet's foreign and military affairs. From 1793, the amban had the right to identify the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. ... Monastic finances were under imperial control. ... Central-western Tibet was thus an administered territory of China under the Qing. In 1724, eastern Tibet was incorporated into existing Chinese provinces."
↑ Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). 《Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World》 . 245쪽. ISBN 9780742578159 .
↑ Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). 《Xianf? hey? zh?ngguo》憲法何以中國 [Why is the constitution of China] . City University of Hong Kong Press. 190쪽. ISBN 9789629373214 .
↑ Gao, Quanxi (2016). 《Zhengzhi xianf? y? weilai xian zhi》政治憲法與未來憲制 [Political Constitution and Future Constitution] . City University of Hong Kong Press. 273쪽. ISBN 9789629372910 .
↑ Zhu (2020) , 305쪽 : "Taking advantage of the chaos in China, Mongolia and Tibet both declared their independence towards the end of 1911, expelled the Chinese ambans (residents) and garrisons, and established independent governments. Both Mongolia and Tibet justified their independence on the grounds that the territories’ attachment to China was a personal one between the Manchu emperors and the territory, and that the territories were not part of China proper."
↑ Goldstein, Melvyn C.; Beall, Cynthia M. (1990), 《Nomads of Western Tibet》 , University of California Press, 50쪽, ISBN 9780520072114
↑ Zhu 2020 .
↑ Goldstein (1997) , "Tibetan Attempts to Modernize", p. 37 : "Chinese fortunes in Tibet improved slightly after the death of the thirteenth Dalai Lama when Tibet allowed a "condolence mission" sent by Guomindang government of Chiang Kaishek to visit Lhasa, and then permitted it to open an office to facilitate negotiations aimed at resolving the Tibet Question. These talks proved futile, but Tibet allowed the office to remain.

[FOOTNOTEShakabpa2010763,_1021-1] Shakabpa (2010) , 763, 1021쪽.

[2] Nakamura, Haije (1964). 〈Absolute Adherence to the Lamaist Social Order〉. 《Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan》. University of Hawaii Press. 327쪽.

[FOOTNOTEGoldstein1989611-3] Goldstein (1989) , 611쪽.

[independent-4] 가 ^나 Lin (2011) , 26 쪽 ; Anand (2013) , 112 쪽

[5] 
Perkins, Dorothy (2013). 《Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture》 . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-93562-7 .

Fravel, M. Taylor (2008). 《Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes》 . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2887-6 .

《J?nri youzheng, Issues 469-480》今日郵政, Issues 469-480 [Post Today, Issues 469-480] (中國語). 今日郵政月刊社 [Today Post Monthly]. 1997.

Ling, Chunsheng (1953). 《Bian jiang wen hua lun ji》 (中國語). Zhonghua wen hua chu ban shi ye wei yuan hui, Min guo 42.

[6] Perkins, Dorothy (2013). 《Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture》 . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-93562-7 .

[7] Fravel, M. Taylor (2008). 《Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes》 . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2887-6 .

[8] 《J?nri youzheng, Issues 469-480》今日郵政, Issues 469-480 [Post Today, Issues 469-480] (中國語). 今日郵政月刊社 [Today Post Monthly]. 1997.

[9] Ling, Chunsheng (1953). 《Bian jiang wen hua lun ji》 (中國語). Zhonghua wen hua chu ban shi ye wei yuan hui, Min guo 42.

[6] Ram Rahul, Central Asia: an outline history 保管됨 13 10月 2017 - 웨이백 머신 , New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1997, p. 42 : "From then [1720] until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet."

[7] Barry Sautman, Tibet's Putative Statehood and International Law, in Chinese Journal of International Law , Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2010, p. 127-142: "Through its Lifan Yuan (Office of Border Affairs ...), the Chinese government handled Tibet's foreign and many of its domestic affairs. During the Qing, Tibet hosted imperial troops and border patrols, and the imperial court appointed Tibetan officials. The Lifan Yuan ... ratified the Dalai and Panchen Lamas, created joint rule by aristocrats and high lamas and elevated the Dalai Lama above the nobles. From 1728, the ... amban handled Tibet's foreign and military affairs. From 1793, the amban had the right to identify the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama. ... Monastic finances were under imperial control. ... Central-western Tibet was thus an administered territory of China under the Qing. In 1724, eastern Tibet was incorporated into existing Chinese provinces."

[Edict1-8] Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). 《Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World》 . 245쪽. ISBN 9780742578159 .

[Edict2-9] Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). 《Xianf? hey? zh?ngguo》憲法何以中國 [Why is the constitution of China] . City University of Hong Kong Press. 190쪽. ISBN 9789629373214 .

[Edict3-10] Gao, Quanxi (2016). 《Zhengzhi xianf? y? weilai xian zhi》政治憲法與未來憲制 [Political Constitution and Future Constitution] . City University of Hong Kong Press. 273쪽. ISBN 9789629372910 .

[11] Zhu (2020) , 305쪽 : "Taking advantage of the chaos in China, Mongolia and Tibet both declared their independence towards the end of 1911, expelled the Chinese ambans (residents) and garrisons, and established independent governments. Both Mongolia and Tibet justified their independence on the grounds that the territories’ attachment to China was a personal one between the Manchu emperors and the territory, and that the territories were not part of China proper."

[12] Goldstein, Melvyn C.; Beall, Cynthia M. (1990), 《Nomads of Western Tibet》 , University of California Press, 50쪽, ISBN 9780520072114

[FOOTNOTEZhu2020-13] Zhu 2020 .

[14] Goldstein (1997) , "Tibetan Attempts to Modernize", p. 37 : "Chinese fortunes in Tibet improved slightly after the death of the thirteenth Dalai Lama when Tibet allowed a "condolence mission" sent by Guomindang government of Chiang Kaishek to visit Lhasa, and then permitted it to open an office to facilitate negotiations aimed at resolving the Tibet Question. These talks proved futile, but Tibet allowed the office to remain.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

티베트의 歷史 ?????????????????

時代史新石器時代 티베트 샹슝 (紀元前 500年 ~ 書記 625年) 吐谷渾 (284年 ~ 670年) 吐蕃 (618年 ~ 842年) 구게 王國 (866年 ~ 1635年) 라다크 王國 (930年 ~ 1842年) 사크野王國 (1270年 ~ 1354年) 派그모드壘派 (1354年 ~ 1618年) 린風波 (1435年 ~ 1565年) 창파 (1565年 ~ 1642年) 코슈트 칸國 (1642年 ~ 1717年) 間덴 포드랑 (1642年 ~ 1959年) 靑致賀 티베트 (1720年 ~ 1912年) 티베트 (1912年 ~ 1951年) 티베트 自治區 (1951年 ~ 現在) 中央 티베트 行政府 (1959年 ~ 現在)
參照事項 티베트 歷史年表 티베트의 歷史的貨幣 티베트의 統治者目錄
v t e