??????
|
???? ?????
|
??? ????? ??????
|
---|
|
?????
|
---|
???
|
98.05 ?????
|
---|
????????
|
---|
???????
|
???? ??????
|
---|
????
|
???? ??6 ??????
|
---|
???????
|
|
---|
??? ?????????
|
---|
??????????
|
Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre
,
Vittorio Spinazzola
,
Amedeo Maiuri
,
Alfonso De Franciscis
,
Giulio De Petra
,
Ettore Pais
,
Antonio Sogliano
,
Giulio De Petra
,
Luigi D'Amore
,
Giuseppina Cerulli Irelli
,
Giuseppe Proietti
,
Fausto Zevi
,
Mariarosaria Salvatore
,
Baldassare Conticello
,
Pietro Giovanni Guzzo
,
Massimo Osanna
,
Michele Ruggiero
,
Gaetano Genovese
,
Pietro la Vega
,
Michele Arditi
,
Christoph Saliceti
,
Karl Weber
,
Francesco La Vega
,
Giuseppe Fiorelli
,
Carlo Bonucci
,
Antonio Bonnucci
,
Guglielmo Bechi
,
Pietro Bianchi
,
Domenico Spinelli
,
Francesco Maria Avellino
,
Giuseppe Settembre
,
Gabriel Zuchtriegel
|
---|
??? ???????
|
http://www.pompeiisites.org/
|
---|
?????
|
---|
?????
|
??????
??????
|
---|
???????????
|
40°45′02″N
14°29′23″E
/
40.750556°N 14.489722°E
/
40.750556; 14.489722
|
---|
|
|
??????
(?
??????
:
Pompeii
) ??? ???
?????
????? ?
????
??????
??
??????
. ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????????
?? ????
?????
????
. ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.
?????? ????? ?-23 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?
??????
, ?? ??????? ?????-??????? ?? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ?
????
.
?????? ??????
?????????
????? ?
??????? ??????
????
79 ??????
.
[1]
?? ????????? ????
??????? ???????????
????? ?? ?-20 ????? ??
??? ????
, ???? ?????? ???? 1710.
??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?
?????? ??????
, ?????? ????? ???? 1748 ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?-1,700 ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ????
1793
?????? ??????? ??????
"La Republicae Pompeianorum"
??? ???? ????? ???????.
?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????. ????????? ????? ???
??????
,
??????
,
???? ?????
,
??? ?????
?
??? ????
.
????
1997
?????
?????"?
?? ?????? ?
?????????
?"
??? ????? ??????
".
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?
??????
, ??? ?? ?????? ?
???? ???
???????? ?
??????
???
?????? ?????????
.
????????? ???????
???? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
[2]
????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
??????
?
???????
, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.
???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?
????????
, ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?
?????? ??????????
, ???????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? 310 ???? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? "??????" (Nuceria).
?
????? ?????? ??????
??? ????? 218 ?? 201 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? 88?90 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?
????? ????? ?????
, ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????
????
, ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????: ??????? ????? ??????????? (Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum). ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????.
?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ????? ????? ??-25,000 ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??????? ???.
????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?
??? ????
??????? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????,
???????
,
???????????
,
??????
, ??? ????? ?
??? ????
.
???? 62 ??????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???.
??????? ????
??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?
???? ??????
. ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?
????????
7.5. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????, ???????? ????? ?
?????
???????. ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ???? 17 ????, ???? 79 ??????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????.
??????? ?? ???? ???? ?-
24
?? ?-
25 ????????
,
[3]
???
79
??????, ???? ?? ?????
???? ??????
?????? ?????? ??. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?
?? ???
?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.
[4]
??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? 62 ???? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
????
??? ?
??????
??????
???????
.
?? ????? ??
?????
?????? ????????.
?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????: ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???,
[5]
?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????.
[6]
????? ???????, ????? ??? ????, 23 ????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???
?????
, ?? ?
??
??????? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????.
???? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????
??????? ?????
?????????? ?????
??????
, ??? ?? ?? ???????
?????????
?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???????, ?? ???? ??? 18, ??? ????
??????
(Misenum), ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????.
?-24 ?? ?-25 ????????,
[3]
????? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ???,
?????
?
????? ??????
?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ????? ???? "?? ???? ????". ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ???????? ???? ???? ?-24 ????.
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.
??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????
????
?????? - ?????
???????
??????
- ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????,
??????? ????
, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ?-56, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????.
???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????.
?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???:
... ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ?????????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ???...
...????? ???. ????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ????????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ???????, ???? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ??????; ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????... ???? ?????? ??????? (??????) ?????; ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????... ???? ?????.
???????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
[7]
?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???
?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?
???
????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ????.
???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ???? 1592, ????? ????? ??
???? ???
, ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? (Domenico Fontana) ????? ?????? ????? ?
???????????
?? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?-150 ??? ??????, ?? ???? 1748.
?????????
????? ?????? ????
1710
?????
1738
???? ?? ?????? ???????.
?-1748 ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ?????
1750
???? ??????? ????????? ????. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.
?????? ???? ??????? ?????
???? ?-18
???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?
??????????
. ???????, ????? ????
????? ??????
, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? 1750 - 1764.
????
1793
?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? "Rei publicae Pompeianorum" ??? ???? ????? ???????.
????
1860
??? ????? ??????? ???? ?'???? ?????? (Giusepe Fiorelli), ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
???
???? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????.
????
1951
, ????
????? ????? ??????
, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????
????? ??????
(Amedeo Maiuri) ????? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ???? ???? ???? (Via dell'Abbondanza), ????? ??? ???? ??????
?????
(Nocera) ?????
??? ?????
????? ???? ??????. ????
1990
????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????.
????? ???? ??????? ???? 1,700 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????: ????, ?????, ?? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?
??????? ?????????? ?? ??????
.
??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?-640
????
??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? 10,000 ?-20,000 ??????
[8]
: 60% ??? ????? ?-40%
?????
. ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.
??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????-??? ???????. ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ????
???
(Pistrinum), ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
???
.
????
2019
???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
???? ????
-??????????, ?????
2020
????? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??????
???
, ????? ?????? ???????.
[9]
???? ????? ?????? ?????
???
??? ?????? ?
?????
, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????.
???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????, ?????? ????, ??????
????? ?????
??? ?????? ????? ?????
????
(???? ???? ?
??????
????), ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.
???? ?????? ???? ?
????
?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????
??? ??????
. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??
?????
. ????? ?? ?????? ????? (Thermopolium) ??????? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? (caupona), ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???????.
??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????:
???
???? ???? (Macellum), ???
????????
, ??? ??????? (palaestra ?? gymnasium) ?
??? ????
???? ?? 1,000
?"?
????? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? "Grand Hotel Murecine".
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?
?????
?? ?
?????
Lucius Caecilius Jucundus. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
??????????
, ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????.
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????
??????
, ????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ?????
????????
??????? ??????? ?????? ?
??????
.
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????: ??????? ????????, ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.
????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ?
???? ?-20
???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??
???
. ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.
??? ?
??????
????? ?? ????? ???? "???? ??????". ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????
?'?????
, ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????.
[10]
???? 2021 ????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????
. ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??
????
, ??????
??????
??????
??
.
??????????
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????.
[11]
????? ??? ??
??? ???
PLoS ONE
, ????? ?-
2023
?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ???????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ?
???
??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????.
[12]
???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????.
[13]
??? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? (Porta Vesuvio), ????? 44 ??? ???
??? ???
, ??? ?????, ??? ????? (Porta di Stabia), ????? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? (Via di Stabia). ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????: ??? ??????????? (Strada dell'Abbondanza) ???? ???? (Via di Nola). ????? ??????, ??? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ?????,
?????
, ????? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.
????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ???? ???? (Porta Marina). ????? ?????? ?? ???
????
, ??? ??????? (
?????????
), ???
?????
, ????
?????
.
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????.
?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????:
?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????: ????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??? ????????? - ??????, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????; ??? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? - ?????? ?????? (Triangular Forum); ?????? - ?????????? ?????????????.
???? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???? - ??? ??? (porta marina), ?????? ????? Via Marina, ????? ????? ????
????
????????? ??????? ?????? ?
?????
.
[14]
?"?????" ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
???? ??????
. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? - ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?
????? ???????
?
???????? ????????
?
????
????. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????, ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????: 38X138 ?"?. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.
[15]
???? ????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ?"??????" - ???? ?????? - ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????:
??????
,
????
?
???????
.
????? ?????-?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? - ??????? (Macellum). ?????-???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? Eumachia, ?? ???? ?????? ?
??????
. ???????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????.
???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????-????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????..
?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? "??????". ?? ???? ?
??? ?-2 ????"?
????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? "???? ?????" ??? ?????? "
?????
", ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.
??? ???????
, ????? ?????, ??? ?????
???????
????, ???? ?????
14
?
37
. ???? ??? ?????
???
?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????
?????
???? ?????
54
?
68
.
???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????
62
??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? 79, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?
?????
????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????.
????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?
????
?????
?????
. ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????
????
?????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???.
?
???????
?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????: ????? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ????? - ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ??? ???????. ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????.
????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????-?????? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????.
?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?
?????
, ?? ???? ?????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?
?????
. ?????? ???? ?
???
????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??
?????
[16]
(??????: ?????). ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? (August Mau)
[17]
????? ?? ??????? ???? ?"????? ?????? ??????" (first Pompejani style). ?
??????
?????? ?? ????? ?
????????
????
78
????"? ????.
???? ???????? ???
?????
????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????: ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ???. ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????
????
(Venus Pompeiana). ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????.
????
?????
??? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???????? ?
???? ?-6 ????"?
. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?
??? ?-2 ????"?
?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? (???? ????? ?? ???, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????). ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?
????????
?? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????: ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ??, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????.
???? ?
??????
?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??
?????
, ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????
????????
?
????
.
????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? - ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?-2 ????"?, ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? 62 ??????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ????.
?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?
????? ????
, ??? ???? ?
????? ????
, ????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ???
???? ?-1 ????"?
????
???? ?-3 ????"?
???? ????????? ?
???????
??? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????
?????
(Tempio d'iside), ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????.
???????? ????? (Teatro grande) ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?-5,000 ?????. ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.
???? ?????? ????????? (palaestra), ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ????, ?????, ???? ??????. ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??
????????
, ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????.
????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????.
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????.
-
??????
-
-
???????????
-
??????? ??????
??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???
???? ????????
(Villa dei Misteri) ??????? ????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??
???????? ????
. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????: ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 29 ?????? ????? ???, ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ?
??????
??????.
?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????????
????????
?? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????, ???? ?????
???????
, ????? ??? "???? ????????".
- ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????
-
-
-
???? ?? ???
???
??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ????
???? ?? ?????
, ?? ?? ???? ???????, ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???. ???? ???? ???? ?
??????? ?????? ????????
. ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????,
????? ???????
, ????? ??
??????? ?????
???? ?? ??? ????? ???????.
?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? 2023 ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????.
- ????? ???? ????? - ???? ??????? ?????? ???
-
-
-
-
????? ????? ??
???????
(
??'
)
-
????? ????? ??
?????
(
??'
)
-
-
????? ?????? ??
???
????? ??
??????
???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????
-
-
-
-
-
?????
?
??????
(
??'
)
??????
???????
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? - ????? ?
??????
-
-
?????
???????
??????? ?????? ?? ????
????????
?
??????
-
-
-
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? - ????
????
-
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? - ?????
??????
-
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? - ???? ?????? ??
???
-
-
????
??????
?????? ????? ????? ?????
??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?
???????
??
????????
?????? ??????
, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?
??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????
??? ?????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
?????? ???
[17]
???? ?? ?
???????
(????? ????) ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????:
- ????? ????? ?????? - ???? ??????? ??????? - ??????? ???? ???: 80 - 150 ????"?.
- ????? ?????????? - ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????: 80 ????"? - 14.
- ?????
????
?? ?????? - ???? ???? ????? ?????: ???? ??? 14.
- ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? - ?????? ????
????????????
?????? ???????? ????????: ???? ???
62
???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????: ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????.
?? ????? ?????? ?????
??????
???? ?????? ?????: ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ???????, ??????, ??????????, ??????, ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???????:
- "Lucius Istacidius, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????"
[18]
- "???? ??? ?????" (????)
- "Lucius ???? ???"
- "Samius ???? ?-Cornelius: ?? ??????!"
?????
?????? ???????-?????
(1873 - 1803) ??? ??????? (1832 - 1833) ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????
??? ?????? ????????
(1834) ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????.
????
1972
?????? ??????? ???? ?
??? ??????
???? ?????
. ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????.
?-
1975
????
???? ?????
???
????
?? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????, "????? ?? ?
????
??????", ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????.
????
2003
??? ??? ?
????
"
??????
" ???
????? ?????
, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??
??????? ????
.
????
2009
???? ???????? ??? ????? ?-4 ?? ???? ?
??? ???????
,
?????? ??
, ??? ??????
???????
??????? ???, ???? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????.
????
2014
??? ??????? ???? "??????" ??????? ??
??? ????????
(
????? ???
). ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????, ???? ??????.
???? 2013 ?????? ????? Bastille ?? ???? "Pompeii" ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????.
???? 2021 ?????? ?????? ?????
????
, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??
????? ?????
??????? ?????????? ???? ?????.
-
????? ?????
-
CAVE CANEM - ???? ????
-
??? ???????
-
-
???? ??????? - ???? ??????? - ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????
-
????? ???? ?????? ???????
|
- ??? ???????? ?????
?? ??????
(????? ??????)
- "?? ???? ??????"
, ???? ???
??????
- Michael S. Cole A Christian Perspective
- ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
- Current archaeology.co.uk
- Visiting Pompeii
- ?? ?????? ??????? ???????
-???? ??????? ?? ??????
- ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????
- ???? ?? Jeannie & Michael Cole
- ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ???????,
?? ???? ?? ??????
, ????
????
, 28 ????? 2008
- ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????,
???? ?? ??????: ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????
, ????
????
, 6 ???????? 2015
- "??? ???????"
, ????? ????? ?? 24 ????? ?? 24 ??????? 79 ?????? - ??????? ??????, ????????
- ??????
,
??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
, ????
????
, 19 ??????? 2021
- ????? ?????, ?
????? ?????: ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
, ???? ?
????
?, 8 ??????? 2021
- 3D model of the past pompeii - The Only Progress is Human
- ???? ???,
??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? 20 ???
, ????
????
, 23 ?????? 2023
- ?????? (??? ?????)
, ?? ??? ?
?????? ???????
- ??????
, ????
???????????? ????????? ???????
(???????)
- ^
????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??
??????? ?????
. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ?
???????
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????: Stefani, Grete, "La vera data dell'eruzione",
Archeo
, October 2006, pp. 10-14
- ^
??????????? 15.1.51: Ab Hercule in Campania Pompeia, qui victor ex Hispania pompam boum duxerat. ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? pompa-Pompeia.
- ^
1
2
??? ??????? ??????, ???????? ????? ?-24 ?? ?-25 ???????? ??? 79 (??? ?-24 ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????). Domenico M.Doronzo at al,
The 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius: A lesson from the past and the need of a multidisciplinary approach for developments in volcanology
, 2022
- ^
??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????, ???? ??? ????
1200 ????"?
??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????: Current Archeology.co.uk
- ^
Pompeii at the State University of Minnesot's E-museum
- ^
"Visiting Pompeii - AD 79 - Vesuvius explodes"
.
Current Archeology
.
????? ?-
?????
?-2012-01-24
. ???? ?-
2006-12-08
.
- ^
?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???.
- ^
??????? ???????? ??? ???? 2004 ?-25,000 ??????
- ^
??? ???? ?????
,
???? ???? ???? ?? 2,000 ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????
, ????
????
, 27 ?????? 2020
- ^
????
,
?? ?'???? ????? ???: ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????
, ????
????
, 6 ?????? 2014
- ^
????? ???????: "?????????? ?? ???????"
, ????
ynet
, 1 ???? 2021
- ^
???? ??????,
?????? ????? ????: ??? ??? ???????? ???????
, ????
ynet
, 29 ??????? 2023
- ^
????? ????????
???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???-?????.
- ^
???? ???? : foro
- ^
?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????
- ^
??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ????, ????? ??? ?????, ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????
- ^
1
2
????????? ????????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????
1840
?
1909
. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ????
- ^
Ancient Graffiti on the walls of Pompeii
, ????? Orbis Latinus