한국   대만   중국   일본 
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????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????? , 1949-50
??? ?????, ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????? , 1952

" ?????? " ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? , ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? [1] . ?????? "??????" ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????: ????? , ?????? , ??????? , ??? , ???'???? , ????? , ???? , ????? , ????? , ????? , ????? , ???????? , ????.

????? "??????" ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? " ???? " (??????) ????? ???? " ????? " (????), ???? ?'????' ???? ?? ???? ??????, ??'????' ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??????? . ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????.

?????? ????????? "??????" ???? ?????? ??????, ???? " ?????? ?????? " ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?-1391 , ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????; " ????? ????? ?????? ", "????? ???? ?????", "????? ????? ??????" ?? "????? ????? ???", ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??????; ??, ????, ???? "??????" ????? ?????? ????????? (????: ????? ???? ) ????.

????? ????? ?????? ???? , ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? " ?????? " ??????? ? ?????? ?????? , ?" ??????? " ????? ?? ? ???? ?????? . ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? , ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? . ?? ???, ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????, ??? ??????? ???-?????? ???????? ????? ??.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? , ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? [1] . ???? ????? "??????" ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? " ???? " (????) ????? ???? " ????? " (????), ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??????? . ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??? "????? ?????" (??????), ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? "????" (????) ??????? "????", ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? " ???? ??????? ", ?? ?? "???????" ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? - ?? ? ???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-20 - ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??, ?? ????? ????? , ????? ????? , ????? ????? , ????? ????? , ????? ???? , ????? ????? , ????? ????? , ????? ??? , ?????? ??? ?????? ?? "?????? ??????". ????? ???, ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????: ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? " ????????????? " (Ostjuden), ?????? "?????? ??????", ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? .

????? "??????" ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????? , ??? ????? ??? , ????? ???????? , ????? ????? ? ????????? ? ??'?????? , ? ????? ????? ? ????? ? ???????'? . ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????-???????? ??? ?'?????? ? ?????? , ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? .

???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? , ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? , ????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ( ???????? ). ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?"??????" ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? [2] . ?????? ????? ?? ????? "??????" ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? , ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?"?????" ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? [3] ; "?????" ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ? ???? [4] .

???? "???????" ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?"??????"

?? ?? ???? ??, ??????? "???? ????" ?"??????" ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????. ??, ???? ???, ????? ? ???"????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?"????? ????????", ??? ???? ????? ?? ?"????" ???????, ???? ?? ???????? ??????? (??????????) ?"????"; ???? ???, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? [5] . ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? "??????" ?"???? ????", ?? ??? ??. ????, ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? , ??-???? ???? ?? ?????? , ??? ?????, ???? ?"? ????? ??"? (26 ??????? 1943), ?? "??? ???????" ?? " ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? " ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? [6] ; ???????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? , ??? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? , ?????? ????-???? ????? ? ????? ????? (????? ????? ?????, ???????? ? ????? ??????? ??????, ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ), ?????? ??????. ???? ??, ??? ??????????? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ? ??-??????????? ?? ??-??????????? , ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? "??????" ? ???????? . ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?"???? ?????" ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? , ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? "???? ?????" ???? ??????? . ?? ????? ?????? "???????" ??? ?????? ?? ?????? "???? ?????", ???? ? ???? ?-90 ??? ?????? "??????" ????? ?????????? ????? ??????.

????? ??????? ??????? ????? (?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ) ????? ?? ??? " ??????-????? ". ?? ?? ????? ??, ??? ????? ??????-???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ?? ???? ??????-????? ?????? ? ????? ??? . ???? ???? ?????? "??????-?????" ???? ????? ?????? "??????-????????", ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???-??????? ???? "??????- ?????? " ?? "??????-??????" ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? "??????-?????" ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??? , ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? "????? ????". ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ( 1987 ), ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? " ????? ??????? " ????? ??? ????? ???? ?-80 . ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????-?????? , ??? ????? ????? "???????-??????: ???????, ?? ???????" ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??. ??? ???? ??????? ??? "??????" ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????????? ????? (????), ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? "???????" ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????, ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ?"??????" ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ?? ???, ??? "??????-?????" ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? [ ???? ???? ] . ????-?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? (????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????), ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? [7] .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????

????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ???"? , ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? . ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? . ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? , ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??? ??, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ?-16 ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ( ????????? ) ??? ????? ?????? ????? ( ??? ???????? ). ?? ???? 1822 ????? ???????, ?? ??? ?????? ????'????, ?? ??? ???? ??????? (?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????, ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????'???? ) [8] . ?? ??? 1854 ?? ??? "????????" (????? ?????) ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????). ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? "???????" ???? ?????? ???? ???? 1872 ??-1,000 ???. "????????" ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???. ???? ????, ????? "????????" ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ????????. ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ? ???'???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? . ??? ???? ?? ???? (?????? ?????? ???????) ???? 1936 ???? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?-30 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (???? ?????? ?? ????????) ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???, ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?"?????? ????? ?????", ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? (?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??). ? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ???, ??????? ??? ?? "?????? ????? ????" ?????? ?????, ??? ???? 1920 , ?? ??????? ??????? .

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ??????

?? ??? ????? ?????, ???? 1948, ???? ?????????? ??????? ????-????? ?-650,000 ???. ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?-80% ??? ???????, ??? ?-20% ??????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? (?????? ???? ???? ?????? ), ????? ??? , ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ), ?????? ?-50 ??-60 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? (" ?????? ??????? ") ???????? ??? ?????? ?-900,000 ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? 44.5% ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????? , ????? 53.4% ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ?????? . ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? 58% ????? ?????? ??????? ??42% ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?-60 ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?-90 ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? [9] .

??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? (??????? ??? ????? ???) ???? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????, ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????????. ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??, ???? ????? ????? ???? , ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? .

?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????) ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????, ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????.

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? . ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? (?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????) ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???, ??? ???? 1952 ??? 80% ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? [10] . ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????: ???????, ???? ?????? ???????? (????? ??????? ??????? ) ????? ??????? ???? , ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? (????? ????? ????), ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? (????? ????? ?????) ??? ???? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? . ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????.

??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????. ???, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? . ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???-??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???. ??, ????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ?"??????", ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????-??????? (????, ??? ????? ). ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? (????, ???? ???????? , ???? ?????? ), ?????? ?????? (????, ???? ??????? ) ??????? ?????? ??????? (????, ????? ????).

?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1952 , ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??"? , ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ????? ???????:

?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? (??????? ???). ?????, ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????; ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.

? ??? ???, 60 : 1959.

????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????.

????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??-?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????-?????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ??. ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??. "?-15 ??????? 1951 ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????." ????? ????, "????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????-?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 1955 ?????? ???? 3,000 ????? ?????? ?????, ???????????? ??????? ??????" [11] [12] .

????? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? [13] , ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? (2002), ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? [14] , ?????? ??? ????? ??????.

????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? " ??????? ????? ????? ". ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????"? ??????? ???????? ?????. ???????? ?? "????? ?????" ??????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?? "????? ???????? (?? ?????? ????? ?????) ????? ????? ??????" ?"???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????" [15] . ??? ???? ???? ?????, ????-???? ????? , ???? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? 1959 ??? ?????? ???? ????? , ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? . ??????? ???, ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???"? ???? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?"??????" ?? ????????. ?????? ???? ?-70 ????? ????? ??????? ??????? , ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? "??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????", ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?- 18 ???? 1971 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????? , ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? . ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????.

? ???? ?? 1977 ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? (" ????? ?????? ") ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???"?.

????? ?????? ???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? "????? ??????" (???, 1998). ???? ??? ?? ?? (??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????) ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 1948. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????-???????. ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????-??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? (????? ????) ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ???, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? , ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????, ????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.

???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? , ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? 1953 ?- 1965 , ???? ?? ?-3 ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ????? . ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? . ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ???????? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????.

???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? 58% ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ???? 1952 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? 1954 ?? 1959 , ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.

?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? (????, ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????). ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ????.

????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ( 1992 ), ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ???, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? , ????????, "????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????". ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? (???, 1972 ????????, 1975 ???? ???? ?????? 1992, ???? 33). ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ????, ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?"????? ?????" ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?-60 ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????.

??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? (??"? ????), ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????, ?????? 1961 ? 1962 ???? ???? ??? ???????? 21.6% ????? ???? ???????, ????? 30.6% ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????, ?? 32.1% ???? 5.4% ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (74.1% ??? 13.3% ??????) [16] . ?? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? , ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? 1967 , ???? 47% ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? 46.4% ????? ??????-??????, ????? ??? ??????? 52.4% ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????-?????? ???? 38.8% ????? ??????-?????? ?-8.8% ????? ????. ????? ???, ???? ???? ????????? (??????, ?????? ?????) ???????? ????? ????, ???? ??????? ??????, 66.5% ??? ????? ??????-?????? ????? 25.4% ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????, ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??-??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? [17] .

????? ???"? ???? 1972 ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? 9.5% ??? ????? ????, 32.4% ????? ??????-??????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????-??????, ?? ?????? ???? ??, ?? 58.1% ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? 61.5% ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???, ????? 27.1% ????? ??????-?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??. ???? ??? ???????? (?????), ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????-??????? ?? 56% ???? 32% ??? ????? ?????-?????? [18] .

?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? 1976 ????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????-?????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ?? 63.3% ???? ???????, ?-64% ???? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ?????????, ???????? ??? ?? 36.2% ?????? ??? ?????-?????? ????? 45.9% ?????? ??? ???????-?????? [19] . ?????, ???? 1979 , 64.3% ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????-??????, ???? 18.5% ?????? ??????-??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ???, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? 38.7% ?????? ?????-?????? ????? 39.3 ?????? ???????-?????? ?-22% ????? ????? [20] .

???? ????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? (2000) ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-20 ????? ?? ????? ???"? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ???????? ????????, ????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????. ??????? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? (????, ???? ???? ??????). ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? (1998). ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? 1975, 1982, 1992 ?-1995 ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????. ??????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? 1982?1992 ???? ????? ??? 94 ????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 1992?1995 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? 111 ???? (1998:119). ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ?-1975 ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ??-1995, ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?-78% ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ???????, ???? 1975 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 77% ??? ?? ???????, ???? ????? 1995 ???? ??? ?-88% (1998:119).

?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?- 1995 , ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? (?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????) ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? , ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???, 54.1% ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? 28.2% ?????????. ??? ?"? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????, "??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????-????? ????? ???? ??????". ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? (??? ??? ????? ????) ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? 2.1 ????? ????????, ????? ???? ?? 2.5 (????: ????, 1997). ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? 1995, ????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? 2.5 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ???, ??? ?"? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? , ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? (????: ????, 1997).

???? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??? (1998) ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?-70 ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????. ??? (2006) ????? ?? "????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? (??? ?????), ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????". ?????, ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????.

??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ("????? ????-?????"), ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ("????? ?????") ??????? ???????. ??? (1998) ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? (?????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???) ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? (?????? ??????). ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????????? ????? (2003), ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?-70, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ???? ?-2006 ????? ??? ?? "?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ????? ???) ??????, ????? ????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ????, ????? ?????".

?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?? ????' ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ???? 2013 , ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???-?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????; ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? [21] .

?-15 ???? ??????? ?????? ?-40 ???? ?-25 ????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ????? [22] . ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (20 ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????) ???? ?? ???? ??????????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (20 ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????) ????? ??? ????? ?????????? [23] . ????' ??? ????? ????? ?-2013 ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.

??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? 2002 ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????' ?? ???????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ?-5 ???? ??????? ???? ???"? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? [24] . ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? 1977?1979 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????: 92% ???????? ????? ??????, ????? 95% ?????????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????: 96% ????????? ????? ??????, ????? 91% ???? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? 1965?1969 ?????? ???????? ?????? 46% ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? 55% ??????? ??? ???? ???. ????? ????' ????????:

?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????... (?????? ????? ?? ????) ??? ????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? (??????), ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????.

???? ????, ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? [25] . ?? ????, ???? 1984 ??? ?-300 ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ????? 2003 ??? 2,527 ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? [26] . ?? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? [27] .

???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?-80 ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? , ?? ???? , ???? ?????? , ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? , ????? ????? , ???? ? ????? . ??? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? [28] . ? ????? ?'??? ??????? ???? ????? "??? ????? ????? ??????????" ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? [29] . ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????? ???-?????? . ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 2001, ?-28% ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?-90 ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???-?????? ??? ???, ?????, ?? ????? ?????, ???? 2013 ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-40 ????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?-2006 ?? ??? 2009, ??? ????? (14 ???? 25) ??? ????? ?????, ???????? 2009 ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? [30] . ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??: ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? 2009 ???? 2013, ??? (?? ??????) 9 ???? ?????? ???? 30, ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? 2013 ??? ????? ???? ?????? ( ????? ???? , ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ) ??? ????? ???-???? ????? ( ?? ????? ) ???? 22. ????? ???, ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? 8 ???? ????? ????? ?-2 ???? ????? ???-???? ????? ???? 21 ???? ?? ????.

?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ? ???? , ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? , ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? . ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? (???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ). ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? " ?????? " ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?"? , ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ? ????? , ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? (?? ?????? ?????). ??? ??, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???-??????, ????? ??? ????? ?? 1977 , ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? . ??? ??, ??????? ?? ??? 1999, 62% ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? 38% ? ???? ??? . ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????: ?????? ????? ???? , ??"? ? ????? ?"? .

?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????:

  • ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????.
  • ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????"????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? , ?????? ??????, ???? ???? , ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ?????? [31] ??? ????? ? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? .
  • ???????, ?? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .
??? ????? ? ?????? ??????

??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? , ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??-???????. ??? ?'??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? , ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? , ?????? ??????????? , ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? , ?????? ??????? , ?????? ???? ???????? , ?????? ?????? , ?????? ??????? , ?????? ??????? , ??? , ??? ????. ???, ?'??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ?-30 ??? ???? ?-50 , ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?"??" ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? , ??? ?????? ?"???" ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? . ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????. [32] ??? ? ???? ?-90 ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????.

??????? ??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??????? ???-?????? ??????

?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? , ?????? ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???-??????. ????????? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???-?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???, ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????????? .

????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?-1995 : 5.3% ?????? ???? 40 ? 43, 16.5% ?????? 20 ? 21, ?-25.1% ?????? 10 ? 11. ??????? ???? : Barbara S. Okun, Orna Khait-Marelly 2006.
????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? .
???? ??????? ?????? ?????? .

????? ???????, ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ????? 1957?1961, ????? ???????? ????-?????? ??? ?? ?-14% ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??-28%, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????-????? ?- 2006 ? ??????????? ?????? .

???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? (Gshur and Okun) ?- 2003 ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????-?????? ???? ??? ????? ????. ?????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?- 2001 ??- 2004 ?? ????? ?? "????", ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????-??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ?"????" ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???-?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????.

???? ?????? ?????? ?-2004 [33] ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????-?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???-?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????????.

?????? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? "??????" (??? ?? ????? "???????") ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? , ??????????? , ????????? , ??? ????- ??? , ??????? ????? (??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?"???????" ?? "????????") ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? (??????? ????? ????), ????? ?? ?????? ???, ?????? ????????, ???????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????.

????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????, ???? ?? ????? "???????" , ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? , ? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? " ??????? ", ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?"?? ????" ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ?? ?????? ?"????" ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? [34] ? ??? ?? ???? , ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????????, ???? ????? , ?????- ?????? , ?????? , ?????? , ??????-??????.

??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? "???? ??????" ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?"???? ???????", ??????? ?????? ??????? "???????" ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?"???????" ?????? ????? [35] . ??? ?? ????? ?????? "???? ?????" ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???"? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???. ??????, ?"???????" ?????? ?? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??????, ??? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??????), ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? (??????, ????? ???? ????? ???), ??? ????? "??????" ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ("?????" ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?"???? ??????"). ??????, ????? "??????" ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? , ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? [35] . ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?"????? ?????", ???? ?????? ?? ?????? "???????" ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? [35] .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • Barbara S. Okun, Orna Khait-Marelly. 2006. Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Behavior of Adult Multiethnics: Jews in Israel . (forthcoming)
  • Barbara S. Okun. 2004. Insight into Ethnic Flux: Marriage Patterns among Jews of Mixed Ancestry in Israel , Demography, Vol. 41, No. 1
  • Barbara S. Okun. 2001. The Effects of Ethnicity and Educational Attainment on Jewish Marriage Patterns: Changes in Israel, 1957-1995 , Population Studies, Vol. 55, No. 1
  • Gshur, Benny and Barbara S. Okun. 2003. Generational Effects on Marriage Patterns among Israeli Jews . Journal of Marriage and Family

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • ??? ???? , ????? ?????? ????? , ???? , 13 ???? 1997
  • ??? ????, ??????? ???? ????? , ????, 1997

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????????
ויקיציטוט ??????? ???????????: ??????
ויקישיתוף ?????? ????? ???????????: ??????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ 1 2 אתר למנויים בלבד ??? ???, ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? , ???? ???? , 24 ????? 2013
  2. ^ ????? ????, ????? ??????, ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ?(2) ???"?-1999
  3. ^ ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? , ???? ynet , 22 ??????? 2017
  4. ^ ???? ???: ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? , ???? ynet , 17 ?????? 2014
  5. ^ ?"? ???? ????, ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? , ???? ?????, ‏11/12/2016
  6. ^ Wayback Machine , web.archive.org, ‏2005-12-23
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  8. ^ ?? ???? ??: ?????? ?????? ???? ????? (1840?1881) ?' 23
  9. ^ ???? ??? , ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? , 2021 (??' 75 - 76, 89)
  10. ^ ??? - ???????, 1981 : 21.
  11. ^ ???? ??? ?????: ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? , ???? ??? ?????
  12. ^ ??? ?? ???, 2001
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  14. ^ Eric D. Gould & Others. "Sixty Years after the Magic Carpet Ride: The Long-Run Effect of the Early Childhood Environment on Social and Economic Outcomes", Review of Economic Studies,2009. http://restud.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/04/16/restud.rdq038.abstract
  15. ^ ?????? ??????? ??????? ???- ????. 15 ??????? 1935. ??' 4
  16. ^ ??? 14, ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ???"? 1962, ???? 490
  17. ^ ??? ?/15. ? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???"? 1967, ???? 534.
  18. ^ ??? ?"?/16.- ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ???"? 1972, ???? 589
  19. ^ ??? ?"?/19. ? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ???"? 1976, ???? 606
  20. ^ ??? ?"?/18. ? ??????? ????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ???"? 1979, ???? 634
  21. ^ אתר למנויים בלבד ???? ?????? , "???-?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????; ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????" , ???? TheMarker ‏, 29 ?????? 2013
  22. ^ ??? ?????, ? ???? ???: ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? , ???? ????? , 12 ???????? 2013
  23. ^ ?? ???? ????? , ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? , ???? nrg ‏, 15 ???????? 2013
  24. ^ ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? , ???? ???? , 20 ????? 2002
  25. ^ Cohen, Uri & Leon, Nissim. "The new Mizrahi middle class : ethnic mobility and class integration in Israel". Journal of Israeli History, 27:1,pp. 51:64
  26. ^ Cohen & Leon, Mizrahi middle class, pp. 56-57
  27. ^ ???? ??????? , ????: ???? ?-400 ?????????? ?????? - ?? 23 ??????? ?-0 ?????? , ???? ???? , 8 ????? 2006
  28. ^ Cohen & Leon, Mizrahi middle class, pp. 54-55
  29. ^ What's happening with the ethnic gap by Avraham Tal, Haaretz, Jul. 17, 2001
  30. ^ ???, ???. "???? ????? ???????? ?????: ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????". ???? ????? ??????? ??????, 2009, ??' 3
  31. ^ ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ??'??'??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?-1981 : "?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??"?, ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????! ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ????????, ????????, ?? ??? ???? ???, "??'??'??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????", ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ?'???????? ?'??????? ?? ?????? ????. ??! ????? ???! ??? ???? ????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????"
  32. ^ sammy Samooha, Jewish ethnicity in Israel: symbolic or real? in Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns edited by Uzi Rebhun, page 57
  33. ^ Okun, 2004, ???? 185
  34. ^ ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ???, ?????.
  35. ^ 1 2 3 ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? , ???? www.itu.org.il
????? ???? " https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????&oldid=38820142 "