????? ????? ????

????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????, ????? ???, ??? ???? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????.

????? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ?-70 ??-80 ?? ???? ?-20, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?-21 ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ^[1]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? 250 ?????? ????? "????" ?????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ????-????????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ^[2]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????: ^[3]

??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????.

????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????.

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?-20 ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? . ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ? ?.?.?. ??????? ???????? ??? ?? "????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????". ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? 11 ???????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??'??????? ???????. ??? ???, ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ????, ??????? ? ??'???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? "?????, ??? ???, ?????? ??????? ????????" ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?"????? ?????? ??????".

???????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?"???????, ?????? ?? ???????" ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? 103 ?? ??? ??????.

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?-80 ?????? ???? ?-90 ?? ???? ?-20.

?? ?? ??"? ?? ???? ????? ????????, ?-90 ?????? ?-777 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1987 ?????? ???????.

????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????, ???? ????????? , ????? , ????'? ? ?????????? ????? ???? ?-80 ????????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ???? ???? ?-80 ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???? ?-70 ?????? ???? ?-90 ?? ???? ?-20, ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??-???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?-1981.

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? "????????" ????????? ???????-?????????. ?-2011 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?? ?-ISI ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ????-???? ???? ? ?????? , ??????? ? ??????? .

????? 2020 ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ??????, ??? ?????-????? ????? ?????? FN-6 ??? ????? ????? ??????, ??"??? ?????? ???.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?-70 ?? ???? ?-20 ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?-80 ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ??????? 1983 ?? ??? 1987, ????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ???, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? 32 ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 495 ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?-4 ????? 1987, ???? ??? ??? ?'???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? "???? ??????". ??????? 2020, ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? "?????? ???? ?????? ??????" ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????'????, ?'???-??-???? ??????-??-?????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???'?????? ??????????, ???? ???, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????'???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????, ?'???' ???? ??? , ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????.

??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??????? ?"????? ???? ??" ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????, ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? . ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????????. ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? .

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?-1969, ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??"? , ???? ???????? , ????? ??????? ?? ???????? , ?????? ???????? ????? ????? , ?????? ?????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????? , ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????.

???? 2006, ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ????????, ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?'??? ?????? ??? ?????????. ????? 2009, ???? ?????? , ???? ??? ?????? , ???? ?? ????? ???? ?-80 ????? ?????? "???? ??????" ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?-2008 ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?"?????" ????? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????.

?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? "Council on Foreign Relations" ( ??' ) ??? ?????? ??- ISI ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ??-????? ?'??-? ????? . ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

?- ISI ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 11 ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? , ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????????, ? ????? ????? ??????? . ?-ISI ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???'????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??-ISI ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?-7 ????? 2008. ???? ???????? , ????? ????? , ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????.

????? ?- Human Rights Watch ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????.

?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?-5,000 ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??-????? ???? ????? ???"? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?-2001. ?????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? " ????? ???????? ?? ?????? " ( ??' ) , ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????.

?-1 ???? 2011 ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????.

???? ?????? , ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?-2016 ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?-90 ?????? ???? ??? ?????-?-????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? , ?'??????? ?????? ? ????? ?-???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ( ??' ) ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ?'???? ( ??' ) .

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

???? 2011 ????? ? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????' , ????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????.

?????? 2012 ???? ?" ??? ???? ????? " ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?'??? ??? ?-??? , ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????.

???? 2014, ??? ????? ????? , ???? ??-????? , ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.

???????? 2014 ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?'???? ????? ??-?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??-??????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? . ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

???? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ??????? ????????? (????? ??? ??????) ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??'?? , ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??.?.?. ??? ???? ?"????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????". ??'?? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?'???' ??? , ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??.?.?., ??? ???? ?"??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??".

??'?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??.?.?. ??? "SIG" ???? ?????? ???? ?-1972 ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? . ??"? ??.?.?. ???? ???????? , ????? ?????? ???'?? ?"???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???, ????? ?????".

???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??"? , ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? (???? ?-1964 ????? ?? ?'? ?????? ), ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? (???? ?-1965 ????? ? ???? ), ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?-1969, ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?-1975.

?????? ??"? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?.?.?. ???????? ?????? ???? ?-70 ?? ???? ?-20. ????? ??? ??.?.?. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??"?. ?? ???, ??????? ??????? ?? ??.?.?. ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? , ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ? ???'? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????' ????? ????'? , ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???"? ?????? ?-1975 . ?????? ??? ??.?.?. "???? ???????" ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????.

???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??.?.?. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????:

????? ??????, ????? ?????????, ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? "Reduktor" ?-1972 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??'??????.
????? ????? RPG-7 , ????? SNOP ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?.?.?. ?-1970.
????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? , ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????"? ????? ?????? ????.

?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??.?.?. ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???????, ?? ?? ?????? "Mitrokhin Archive", ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ???:

?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? (??? ????? ?? ??????) ???? ??????.
????? ????? ???????. ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? " ????? ?????? " ( ??' ) ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? "?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????", ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????.
???? ??????, ??? ??? ???.?.?. ??? ?-1971 ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? , ????????? ????? , ???? , ??? , ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??.?.?.

????? ?????? "?????? ??????" ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? (???? "Cedar").
?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? .
?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ( ??' ) . ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?'?? ????? , ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? , ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?"?????? ????". ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????. ???????????? ?????? ?"????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ". ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?-2022 , ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?"?? ?????? ? ?? ?????????, ????? ????? ?????".

????? ?????? ?????? ????????? , ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?"????? ????" ?? "????? ????? ????":

????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ^[11]
??????? ??????? ^[12]

???? 2023 ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????.

??? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??????????? ????-?????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?????????, ??-????? , ?????-?-????? , ? ?'??? ??? ?-??? .

??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?'??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??-??????, ??????, ?????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ?????? 2009 ????? ???? ???? ???????? (??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???), ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? , ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?? "?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????" ??? "???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???-?????, ???????, ?????-?-????? ???? ?????? ????". ??????? ?????? 2009 ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????-?-?????, ??? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?-2008 , ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?-2005.

?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?-2007 (???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ), ??? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ??????.

15 ???? 19 ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? 11 ??????? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ??????? , ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? . ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? 1993?2020 ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ????"? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?-1996 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? . ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??-??????, ???????, ????, ??'???? ??????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????, ?'??? ??-??????? ?????? ????? ??'???? ??????? ????? , ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????, ???????, ????, ??????? ?????????.

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-90 ??????. ?? 2012 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????.

???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????.

?-14 ?????? 2020, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 335 ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?? ????? ?'???' ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ???????? ????? ?-10 ??????? 1986 ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ??. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? "????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????".

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???'??????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? 2011?2014, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?'??? ??? ?-??? ? ????? ?-??? ???? ????? ??????. ?????, ????? ????????? ???????, ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?-??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?'??? ??? ?-??? ?????? ????. ?'??? ??? ?-??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??-????? ?? ???? 2016, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????.

??????, ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?????? , ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? 2015 ??? ???? ?? ?'??? ??? ?-??? ?????? ?-???, ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?-??? .

?????? 2015 ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?'?? ????? , ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??-??? .

???? 2016, ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ? ??? ?? ?????? .

???? 2019, ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Collins, Stephen D. ( ??????? 2014 ). "State-Sponsored Terrorism: In Decline, Yet Still a Potent Threat". Politics & Policy . Mexico City; Washington: Wiley-Blackwell; Policy Studies Organization. 42 (1): 131?159. doi : 10.1111/polp.12061 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
^ Easson, Joseph J.; Schmid, Alex P. (2013). "250?plus Academic, Governmental and Intergovernmental Definitions of Terrorism". In Schmid, Alex P. (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research . Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 99?157. ISBN 9780415520997 .
^ Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction ( 15 ?????? 1999 ). Assessing the Threat: First Annual Report (Report). RAND Corporation. p. iv. ?????? (PDF) ?- 28 ??????? 2017 . ???? ?- 10 ??????? 2021 – via Homeland Security Digital Library. {{ cite report }}: ( ???? )
^ "Czech lawmakers back resolution declaring current Russian regime 'terrorist' " . ???? ?- 17 ??????? 2022 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . POLITICO (???????). 2022-10-18 . ???? ?- 2022-10-18 .
^ Diena 11 August 2022
^ LRT 10 May 2022
^ "Dutch parliament designates Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . 24 ??????? 2022 . ???? ?- 24 ??????? 2022 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Tilles, Daniel (2022-10-26). "Polish Senate recognises Russia as a terrorist regime" . Notes From Poland (???????).
^ "Narodna rada ozna?ila rusky re?im za" . Dennik N (????????). 16 ??????? 2023 . ???? ?- 16 ??????? 2023 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ "PACE adopts resolution declaring Russian regime as terrorist one" . The New Voice of Ukraine (???????). 2022-10-13 . ???? ?- 2022-10-13 .
^ "Ukraine war: European Parliament votes to declare Russia a 'state sponsor of terrorism' " . 23 ??????? 2022 . ???? ?- 23 ??????? 2022 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[1] Collins, Stephen D. ( ??????? 2014 ). "State-Sponsored Terrorism: In Decline, Yet Still a Potent Threat". Politics & Policy . Mexico City; Washington: Wiley-Blackwell; Policy Studies Organization. 42 (1): 131?159. doi : 10.1111/polp.12061 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )

[2] Easson, Joseph J.; Schmid, Alex P. (2013). "250?plus Academic, Governmental and Intergovernmental Definitions of Terrorism". In Schmid, Alex P. (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research . Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 99?157. ISBN 9780415520997 .

[3] Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction ( 15 ?????? 1999 ). Assessing the Threat: First Annual Report (Report). RAND Corporation. p. iv. ?????? (PDF) ?- 28 ??????? 2017 . ???? ?- 10 ??????? 2021 – via Homeland Security Digital Library. {{ cite report }}: ( ???? )

[4] "Czech lawmakers back resolution declaring current Russian regime 'terrorist' " . ???? ?- 17 ??????? 2022 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[5] "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . POLITICO (???????). 2022-10-18 . ???? ?- 2022-10-18 .

[6] Diena 11 August 2022

[7] LRT 10 May 2022

[8] "Dutch parliament designates Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . 24 ??????? 2022 . ???? ?- 24 ??????? 2022 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[9] Tilles, Daniel (2022-10-26). "Polish Senate recognises Russia as a terrorist regime" . Notes From Poland (???????).

[10] "Narodna rada ozna?ila rusky re?im za" . Dennik N (????????). 16 ??????? 2023 . ???? ?- 16 ??????? 2023 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[11] "PACE adopts resolution declaring Russian regime as terrorist one" . The New Voice of Ukraine (???????). 2022-10-13 . ???? ?- 2022-10-13 .

[12] "Ukraine war: European Parliament votes to declare Russia a 'state sponsor of terrorism' " . 23 ??????? 2022 . ???? ?- 23 ??????? 2022 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]