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	????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????: ?????? ???? ????? , ??????? ????'???? , ???? ???? . ???? ?????: ???? ?? ??????? , ??? ?????? , ?? ????? . ???? ??????: ???? ?????? ???????? , ??????? ???? ??? , ???? ???? . ???? ??????: ???? ????? , ???? ???? , ?????? . ???? ??????: ???? ????? , ?????? ????? ?? , ??????? ????-????? . ???? ?????: ???? ????-??? , ????? ?????? , ?????? ??? .
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	Mammalia ; ‏ ??????? , 1758

????? "????" ???? ????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? (?????????) .

????? ?? ??????

????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ????, ??????, ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????.

?????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? (??????)

?????? ( ?? ???? : Mammalia) ??? ????? ? ????? ? ???????? , ????? ?-5,400 ????? ?? ???? ???? . ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? (???? ???? ??? ?? ??????) ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? , ????????? ????? ? ?? ?? ??????.

????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? . ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 2 ??? ?? ???? ?? 180 ????? , ????? ????? ?? ?????? , ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ???-?????? . ?? ??? ?????- ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????, ?????- ?? ???????, ???? ???? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??-???????. ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????.

???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? , ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? , ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?? "?? ??". ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.

????? ????? ?? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????? (??? ???? ???), ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???????? . ??? ? ??? ?-18 ????? ???? ??????? ??????? , ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ????????, ?????? ???, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? Mammalia , ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? mamma ( ???? ). ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? , ????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? , ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? . ???? ???? ?-20 ?? ??? ?-21 ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? ???? 2020 ??? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? (??? ??? ???????) ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??-????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??-????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???, ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??-?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ^[1]

??? ? ??? ?-19 ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ????:

??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? , ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ? ????? , ????? ?????? ? ?????? , ? ????? ???? ?????????, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????.
???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???, ???? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ??????.
????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? . ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????.

????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? , ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????: ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????:

???? :

?????: ?????? (Mammalia)
- ??-????? : ???-?????? (Yinotheria).
  - ????? Australosphenida
    - ????? Shuotheriidae - ?????
    - ????: ????? ???? (Monotremata)
- ?????: ?????-???? (Theriiformes)
  - ??????-?????: Allotheria - ?????
    - ????? Gondwanatheria
    - ???? Haramiyida
    - ???? ?????????????? (Multituberculata)
  - ????? Holotheria
    - ????? Chronoperatidae - ?????
    - ????? Kuehneotheria - ?????
    - ????? Trechnotheria
      - ???? Gobiconodonta - ?????
      - ????? Amphilestidae - ?????
      - ????? Amphidontidae - ?????
      - ???? ???????????????? (Eutriconodonta) - ?????
      - ???? Spalacotheriida - ?????
      - ????? Cladotheria
        ????? ????????? (Dryolestoidea) - ?????
        
        ????? Zatheria
        ????? Vincelestidae
        
        ???? Peramura
        
        ????? Tribosphenida
        ??-?????: ???? (Theria)
        ??-?????: ??????? (Metatheria)
        
        ??-?????: ??????? (Eutheria)

?????? ??????? ??????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? (Yinotheria)
- - ????: ????? ???? (Monotremata)
??????-?????: ?????? (Marsupialia): ????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ????.
- ??-????: ????????? (Ameridelphia): ?????? ? ?????? ???????
  - ????: ????????? (Didelphimorphia)
  - ????: ?????????? ?????? (Paucituberculata)
- ??-????: ???????????? (Australidelphia): ?????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ?????
  - ????: ???????? (Diprotodontia)
  - ????: ???????? (Microbiotheria)
  - ????: ??????? ??? (Notoryctemorphia)
  - ????: ?????????? (Peramelemorphia)
  - ????: ????? ??? (Dasyuromorphia)
??????-?????: ???????? (Placentalia)
- ??-????: ???????? (Xenarthra): ???????? ????? ????????
  - ????: ???????? (Pilosa): ???? ????? ? ??????? .
  - ????: ????????? (Cingulata):
- ??-????: ???????? (Afrotheria): ???????? ????? ?????????
  - ????: ???????? (Tubulidentata)
  - ????: ??????? (Afrosoricida)
  - ????: ???? ??? (Macroscelidea)
  - ????: ???? ??? (Proboscidea)
  - ????: ?????? (Hyracoidea)
  - ????: ?????? (Sirenia)
- ??-????: ????????????????? (Euarchontoglires)
  - ????: ???? ???? (Scandentia)
  - ????: ??????? (Primates)
  - ????: ??????? (Dermoptera)
  - ????: ??????? (Rodentia)
  - ????: ??????? (Lagomorpha)
- ??-????: ???????????? (Laurasiatheria): ???????? ????? ??????????
  - ????: ?????? (Chiroptera)
  - ????: ?????????? (Cetacea)
  - ????: ?????? ???? (Perissodactyla)
  - ????: ?????? ???? (Artiodactyla)
  - ????: ????? ????? (Soricomorpha)
  - ????: ?????? (Carnivora)
  - ????: ?????????? (Pholidota)

????:

????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????, ?????, ???? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ??????.

?????? ?? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?-21, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? DNA ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????/??????? ?? ????????????? . ^[2] ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? - ???????? , ???????? ? ???????????? - ??? ??????? ? ??????? . ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? . ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? (basal Boreoeutheria), ??????? (basal Xenarthra) ?- ??????????????? (basal Afrotheria). ^[3] ???????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? - ????????????????? ?- ??????????? .

???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? 105?120 ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ?- DNA ?? ??????? (???? ?????? ?? ????????????? ) ^[4] ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? . ^[3]

??????

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	??????????

	??????

????????? ???? ?????? ?? Tarver et al . (2016) ^[5]

???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????:

?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ????? ????? ??? ???-???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????.
???? ????? ???? ????? (????? ??? " ???? ????? "), ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?"?????????". ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????.
??????? ?????? ?????????? , ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????.
? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????: ?????? , ????? , ???-?????? (??????) ? ?????? . ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? , ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ? ???? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????, ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? (?? ?? ?? ?????).
? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? (dentary), ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??? ("condyle") ????, ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.
? ????? ??? ?????? (???? ????? ??????). ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ? ?'??? ??"???? ?????" ??? ? ??????? . ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????.
??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? , ????? ??? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.
??? ????? ? ???? . ???? ?????? ?? ? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?- α ????? (?????? ? ????? ????? ????, ???????? ?? ?? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?-β ?????) ???? ?? ??? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? . ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.
??????? ???????
??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? (????? ???? ????? ???? ?????).
????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? . ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? .
??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? , ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ????.

???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????:

???? "?? ??", ????? ?????????? (??????? ??? ??? ????? ????) ? ??????????? (?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???). ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ? ?????????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????.
???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????.
?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???. ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? , ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????.
?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ???????.
?? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????.

??????? ??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? , ?? ????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ? ????????? , ? ????????? , ? ??????????? , ? ??????????? , ? ???????????? , ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ? ??????????? . ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? , ? ????? , ? ???????? , ????? ????? , ? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ?????????? , ???? ???? ?? ??????????? . ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? - ??????? ???? - ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???. ????? ?????? ??? 150?170 ??? ???? ?????? 27?30 ????? (89?98 ??? ). ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? - ???? ?????? ???? 1.5?2 ??? ?????? ?? 29?30 ??????? . ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 1.4?2.1 ??? ?????? 42?51 ?"?.

???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? :

?????	?? ????	?? ????	?????	???? ????	???? ?????	???? ????	?????
1	Loxodonta africana	??? ?????? ???????	??????	6 ???	4.9?7 ?????	12.5 ?????	???? ????? ?????? ????? ????
2	Elephas maximus	??? ??????	??????	6.8 ???	4.15 ?????	8.15 ?????	???? ?????? ????? ?????
3	Loxodonta cyclotis	??? ??? ???????	??????	6.2 ???	2.7 ?????	6 ?????	???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?'?????? ???????
4	Ceratotherium simum	???? ???-???	???????	4.4 ???	2 ?????	4.5 ?????	????? ????? ????? ?????
5	Rhinoceros unicornis	???? ????	???????	4.2 ???	1.9 ?????	4 ?????	??? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????
6	Hippopotamus amphibius	???????? ????	????????	4 ???	1.8 ?????	4.5 ?????	???? ?????? ?????
7	Diceros bicornis	???? ??-???	???????	4 ???	1.1 ?????	2.9 ?????	????? ????? "???? ????", ???? ???? ??????
8	Rhinoceros sondaicus	???? ?????	???????	3.8 ???	1.75 ?????	2.3 ?????	????? ????? ?????????
9	Giraffa camelopardalis	?'??? ?????	?'??????	5.15 ??? (?????)	1 ????	2 ?????	???? ?????? ????? ?????
10	Dicerorhinus sumatrensis	???? ??????	???????	3.18 ???	1 ????	2 ?????	???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? 2 ??????

?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ???

???? ??????? ? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? .

???? ????? ?????? ? ??? , ????? ??? ??? ????? ????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? - ??????? (????? ????? ), ?????? (????? ????? ), ??????, ??????? ? ???????? , ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????, ???? ????-??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? . ?????? ????? ???? ????-?????? ????? ?? ????? , ???? ????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? , ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? (??????????) ? ????? ??. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?-37 ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? . ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ????-??? ?????? , ??? ????? , ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????.

???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??-?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????.

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ???? "???" ?????? (??????: vibrissa ), ??? ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????.

????? ???????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ? ???? .

????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? (???????????). ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????????????? (???? ??????????), ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????, ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????.

?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????, ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? (??????????). ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????. "???? ???" ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???????????? ?? ??? ?? (????? ???? ????). ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?- ATP , ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ??-?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????.

?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????. ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????-????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??? . ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ??? , ??? ??? ?????.

????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ? ????????? .

????????????, ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????: ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????-???? ????????????? ????? ???? ???. ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? . ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? . ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? . ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? (Torpor).

????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? .

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??

????? ?? ???? ???? , ??? ??? ?????? (?????) ???? ??? ?????? (????)

?????? ????????? ????? - ????, ?????? ??????? - ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (???????????). ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (??? ???????????) ?? ??????????? - ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????:

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ????-??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? , ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????. ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????.
????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????. ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????. ?? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????.
???-?????? (??????) ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ?? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??????? ????-??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ? ?????? , ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? .

????? ??????? ??? ???? ????-??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? . ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ??????, ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ??????. ??????, ??? ? ???? ?? 3 ??????, ??? ???, 4 ??? ?????? ?-3 ?????? ??? ??? ???, ???? ??? 44 ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??:

$3.1.4.3 \over 3.1.4.3$ = 44

???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ? ???? , ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????-??????, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???:

$1.0.0.3 \over 1.0.0.3$ = 16

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?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ????? , ???? ?????? ?? ???????????, ??? ? ?????????? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-19 ???'?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? "???? ???", ????? ?? ?????? ?"??????" ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?-Eucynodontia ("?????????? ???????") ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????.

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????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? - ????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? . ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? , ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?-2007 ???? 310 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????, ????? 18 ???? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????.

?????? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? , ?????? , ???????? , ?????? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ? ?????? ?? ????????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??-???, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? . ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? . ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??-??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? 170 ??? ?????? ?? 34 ?????.

? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? (??????), ??? ?????? ? ????? , ???? ??? ? ???? ?????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

"????? ???????" ????????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? , ??? 7 ? "??????", ?????? ?. ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? , ????? ???? ??????? . ??' 13?47.

"?????? ?? ???????" ?"??????? ????? ????", ???? "???????? - ?????? ??????? ?? ?????" ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ?????? , 2001, ??? ?, ??' 567?572.
??????? ???, ??????????, ????? 9: ??????? , ??????????? ??????, 1996.
?"? ??? ???? , ??????? ???: ??????? , ??? ????? ???? , 2008.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? , ???? ITIS (???????)
?????? , ???? NCBI (???????)
?????? , ???? ???????????? ?? ????? (???????)
?????? , ???? GBIF (???????)
?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????????? ?????? ?????, ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ???? " ????? ", 13 ??????? 2016
????? ?? , ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????? , ???? ???? , 27 ?????? 2023

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Laura van Holstein, Robert A. Foley, Terrestrial Habitats Decouple the Relationship Between Species and Subspecies Diversification in Mammals , Proceedings of the Royal Society
^ Jan Ole Kriegs, Gennady Churakov, Martin Kiefmann, Ursula Jordan, Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals , PLoS Biology 4, 2006-4 doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091
^ ¹ ² Hidenori Nishihara, Shigenori Maruyama, Norihiro Okada, Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 2009-03-31, ??' 5235?5240 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0809297106
^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, Stephen J. O'Brien, Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous?Tertiary boundary , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 2003-02-04, ??' 1056?1061 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0334222100
^ James E. Tarver, Mario dos Reis, Siavash Mirarab, Raymond J. Moran, The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference , Genome Biology and Evolution 8, 2016-01-08, ??' 330?344 doi : 10.1093/gbe/evv261

[1] Laura van Holstein, Robert A. Foley, Terrestrial Habitats Decouple the Relationship Between Species and Subspecies Diversification in Mammals , Proceedings of the Royal Society

[2] Jan Ole Kriegs, Gennady Churakov, Martin Kiefmann, Ursula Jordan, Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals , PLoS Biology 4, 2006-4 doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091

[NAS_2009-3] ¹ ² Hidenori Nishihara, Shigenori Maruyama, Norihiro Okada, Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 2009-03-31, ??' 5235?5240 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0809297106

[4] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, Stephen J. O'Brien, Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous?Tertiary boundary , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 2003-02-04, ??' 1056?1061 doi : 10.1073/pnas.0334222100

[5] James E. Tarver, Mario dos Reis, Siavash Mirarab, Raymond J. Moran, The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference , Genome Biology and Evolution 8, 2016-01-08, ??' 330?344 doi : 10.1093/gbe/evv261

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