??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? (?????????) .

?????

?????? ??????
???? ????	???? , C
???? ???????????	????????
???? ?????	????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????
???	????? ????: ???? , ??? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ??? , ???? , ???? , ????? , ????? , ???? ???? ???.
???	???????
??????	???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????
??????	?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ?????????
?????	???? ???????
?????	10 ? ???? ???
???? ?????	3.516 - 3.525 ?'/??"?
???? ?????	2.418
?????	???
???? ????	????? ????: 3700 ????? ??????
??????? ??????	??????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? (???? ????????), ????? ???????

????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ? ?????? . ?????? ??? ??? ? ????????? ?? ????. ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? .

?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????: ???? ????? ??? ??? 10 ????? ??? - ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???? (?????? ??????? ) ?? ?????? . ??????? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? . ????? ???: ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? "?????? ?????? ???????" ??????? "????? ????????", ???? ????? ??? ??????.

??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? , ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? (Fancy Color Diamonds).

?? ?? 10,000 ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ^{[ ???? ???? ]} , ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? - ????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ?????? ????? ? ????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ???? ???????.

???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????: ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????.

????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ????, ??? ???????. ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?-Cs - ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? C ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? - Carat (???? ??????), Color (???), Clarity (??????), Cut (????? - ??????????, ??????? ???? ??????). ^[1]

?????? ?????? ?-Cs ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?-GIA, ????? ?. ?????.

?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????: ???? ????? ??? ??? 10 ? ???? ??? (Mohs Scale) - ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 3.52 ??? ???"?. ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? - 2.417 ???? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????.

?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? (Gem Quality) ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? (Inclusions) ?? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?-80% ?????? ???????? ???????. ?-1967, ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? , ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????? - ?????? ???? ??? (Near Gem Quality). ?? ?? ?????? ?????: ?-20% ??????? ??????? ???, ?-45% ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??-35% ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ^[2] ??????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????. ^[3]

?????? ??????? ?????? ???? (Boart) ?? ??????? (Carbonado). ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????) ????? ????? ???????: ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????. ^[1] ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ? ????? , ?????? ???? ? ???? ????, ???? , ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???. ?????? ????? "???????????" (??-???????) ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.

?????? ????? ?????? ?????? - ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??????????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? (??????). ????? ??? ?? 2 ?????? ????? ??? ???? - 1.54 ???????? . ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? (??? ??? ??????? ?????), ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? 1500 ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?-60 ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?-1,200?1,600 ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-200?250 ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ? ???? ?????? , ????? , ???? ???? ?? ????? . ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ???? (??????). ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???.

???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????: ??? ????????? ???? ???????. ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? (???? ???) ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ??????, ???????? ?????, ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ????? ???. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????.

???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ???????? (?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? , ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-19 ), ????? ????????. ?????????, ??? ?? ?????, ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?? 150?200 ?"? ????? ?? ????? (????? ???), ???? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????, ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ?-10% ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? (??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????). ^[4]

??????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ???????

??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? "?????? ?????" ?? "??????? ????????", ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ?-40 ?? ???? ?-20 ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? (?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????) ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ???? 1954 ?????? ????? ???? ?'??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 70 ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? 3,000 ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?'??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

????, ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????: HPHT (?"? High Pressure High Temperature) ? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????; CVD (?"? Chemical Vapor Deposition) ? ???? ?????? ??????? (????? ????). ^{[5] [6] [7]} ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????. ^[7]

?????? ???? ?-21 ????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??-80% ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. ^[8]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? - GIA.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? - ????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????, ????? ????, ??????, ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? GIA:

• FL (??? ??????? ??????) - ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 10.
• IF (??? ???????) - ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 10.
• VVS1 (??????? ???? ???? ?????) ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 10. ???? 1.
• VVS2 (??????? ???? ???? ?????) - ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 10. ???? 2.
• VS1 (??????? ???? ?????) - ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 10. ???? 1.
• VS2 (??????? ???? ?????) - ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 10. ???? 2.
• SI1 (??????? ?????) - ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 10. ???? 1.
• SI2 (??????? ?????) - ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 10. ???? 2.
• I1 (???? ???????) - ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 10 ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? 1.
• I2 (???? ???????) - ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 10 ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? 2.
• I3 (???? ???????) - ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 10 ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? 3.

??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? - ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( ??????? ????????) . ??? ????? ???? ????? ????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ???? ????, ??????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? D - Z (???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ABC ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????). ???? D ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? Z ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????.

??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? H-I ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????.

????? ?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ????: ????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ????, ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????.

?????? ?? ??????? ???????? , ?? ???? ?????? Fancy color diamonds, ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? - ???? (???? 27 ?????? ?????), ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????.

???? ?????? ??????? : ???? ???? ?? 27 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????.

??????/???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? : ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? (???? ???? ????? ????) ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????/???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? (?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????):

1. Fancy Light
2. Fancy
3. Fancy Intense
4. Fancy Dark
5. Fancy Deep
6. Fancy Vivid

????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???.

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???.

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? - ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?-20 . ?? ???, ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????.

????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?????, ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????.

????? ???????? ????????? (Fancy Color), ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???, ?? ?? ??????????? ???????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? . ??? ???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20 , ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? , ????? ? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????.

????? ??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? . ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?-20.

????? ???? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??-??????? ????? - ?????, ????? ? ??????? .

????? ??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ??????, ??, ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???, ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????.

?????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? UV (?????? ???? ?????? ???? ). ???? ??????? ???? ???, ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???. ?? ?? ??, ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ? ??"? (???? ?-14 ????"? ??? ??????), ???? ????? ??? ???????? ? ???? . ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ?????, ????? ? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? .

???? ?-9 ????"? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ???? , ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????"?. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? "??????, ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ????". ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? , ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??: "??????, ??? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???". ?? ???? ?-15 ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ? ??? ?-15 ???? ???? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????, ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? .

? ????? ????? , ? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? . ??? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? 545.67 ??? , ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????.

?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?-18 ??? ??????? ?-80% ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? . ??? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?-18 ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ?-21 ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????: ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?? , ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???? . ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? "??? ?????".

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? . ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ( ???????? , ????? ???? , ???? ?????? , ????????? ????????? ?? ????? , ????????? ?? ????? ???'), ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ????? ?? ???????? .

?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ????

????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? " ?????? ???? " ?? "?????? ?????". ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? (???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ). ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? . ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? "?????? ????". ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?-2003 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ???? ?"?????? ????". ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????: ?????? ? ???????? , ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ????? ????
• ???????
• ???????
• ???-?????
• ????? ???? ?????
• ?????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• "?????", ???????????? ?????? (??? ??, ??' 429), ???? ?????? ????????????, ???"?.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????????
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• ??? ????????? , ??????? ?????????: ??? ????? ?? ?????? , ???? ynet , 14 ?????? 2007
• ???? ????, ??? ???????? ?????? , ????? " ????? ??????? ?????? ", ???? ?????? ???????? (?????, ???? " nana10 ‏")
• ??? ???, ? ?????? ????? - ??? ????????: ?????? ?????? ???????? , ???? ????? , 18 ????? 2016
• ????????? ?? ????? - ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? , ?????, ????? ?????? ???????
• ????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
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