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????? "?????? ????" ???? ?? ??? ? ??????? ?'?? ??? , ???? ?? ??? ??? "?????? ??????" ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???, ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?'????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ????? (??????? ?? "????? ???????").

?- 1948 ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? " ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? " ?????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. "?????? ????" ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????, ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.

?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???.

??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ??????, ?????? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ????????-???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ???? ????? , ??????, ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????-??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ????????, ???????, ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? . ? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?-1776 ????, ?? "??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????".

?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?-1789, ???? ?? "????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ??????, ??????? ????????? ??????".

????? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????????-??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????, ???? ??? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????.

?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??"? ??? ?'?-??? ????.

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??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.

?????? ?????? (???????) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

עמוד ראשי
 ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ???????

??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???, ??????? ??????? ? ????? . ????? ? ??????? , ?????? ? ??????? ?'?? ??? , ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? . ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???, ??? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ??:

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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?????? ???????? ????????, ????? ?'?? ??? , ?????? ?? ????? "?????? ???????" ??? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ??????, ????? ?????? [1] .

? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? , ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ??????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? "?????? ????????" . ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????) ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???? ??????, ??? ???????, ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? .

? ????? ????? ???? ????? "?????? ???????" ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????-????????? . ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????.

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? , ????: ????? ?????? , ??????? , ????? , ?????? ?????? , ? ????? ????? ????? .

???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????, ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ???????? ???, ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ?????? ? ???? ?????? , ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? - ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ???, ??????? ??????? ??? ? ??????-???????? , ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? , ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????; ????? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????; ??? ????.

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? "?????? ?????" ?? "?????? ???????". ?? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.

????? ???, ?? ???????? ????? "?????? ???????" ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???. ?? ?? ????? ??, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? "?????? ??????" (??????: Legal rights). ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

????????? ?? ?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????

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??????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????.

??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? , ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?????? ?? ???? ??. ???? 539 ????"? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? . ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. [2]

? ??"? , ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? , ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? . [2] ????? ??? ?????? ?? " ???? ???? ", ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ???? . [2]

?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??????? ??? ? ???? ???? .

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?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?-18 . ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? , ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? "?? ??? ???? ????? ?????", ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????-??? ???? ?? ?????? ???. ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? (?????? ? ??????? ????????? ), ??? ??? ??????? ???????: ??? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???-???????, ???? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? .

?? ???? ???? ?-19 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? , ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ( ??????? ), ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???.

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?-19 ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????, ?????? ? ??????? . ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ?????? , ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????, ???? ????? ???? ??. ????????, ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? 1918 ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? 1928 . ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??-??? ?????? ?? ????????? - ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? , ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? .

?????? ????? ? ???????? , ????? ? ???? ?????? , ??? ????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? , ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? .

???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-20 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????.

???? ???? ?-20 ?????? ???? ?-21 ????? ????? "????? ?????". ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????.

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??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? (?- 1787 ??? 1789 ), ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? (??? 1789). ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? 1948 .

? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? : ??? ????: ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????: ???? ?????? .

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?????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??, ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? (?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????), ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? .

???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? , [3] ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??. [4] ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1967. [5] ?? ????? ???????, ????, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? [6] . ?????, ????? ?????, [7] ????? [8] ??????? ??????? [9] ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????.

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????:

  • ????? ????: ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ????: ???? ???? ???????: "??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???-???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??.".
  • ????? ????: ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? (????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????), ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????.

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  • ????? 2 ????: "??? ?????? ?????, ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???". ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??.
  • ???? 4 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????: "?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ??? ?????". ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??-??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ?????????, ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??????, ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?"? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? , ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?'. ?? ???, ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???. ????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????????, ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????.

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?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??? . ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??.
???? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????? , ?? ????? ????? ?? ????-???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? , ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???.

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ???? .


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???? 1972 ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? , ???? ?? ???? ( 2021 ) ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (????: ?????? ?????? , ????? ??????? ????) ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? (????: ????? , ???? , ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ???? , ????? ?? ????????? ????).

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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  1. ^ ???, ?????? ?? ????????
  2. ^ 1 2 3 "History of Natural Law & Basic Freedoms, Cyrus the Great" . Archived from the original on 20 March 2023
  3. ^ International Committee of the Red Cross, What is the difference between IHL and human rights law? Temporal scope of application , 22 January 2015
  4. ^ Cordula Droege, Legal Adviser of the ICRC, The Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict , December 2007, published by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in ISR. L. REV. Vol. 40, No.2, pp. 310-355, 2007, p. 337
  5. ^ Cordula Droege, Legal Adviser of the ICRC, The Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict , December 2007, published by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in ISR. L. REV. Vol. 40, No.2, pp. 310-355, 2007, p. 315
  6. ^ ECtHR, Hassan v. United Kingdom, Appl. no. 29750/09, Judgment of 16 September 2014
  7. ^ Cordula Droege, Legal Adviser of the ICRC, The Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict , December 2007, published by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in ISR. L. REV. Vol. 40, No.2, pp. 310-355, 2007, p. 327
  8. ^ Cordula Droege, Legal Adviser of the ICRC, The Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict , December 2007, published by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in ISR. L. REV. Vol. 40, No.2, pp. 310-355, 2007, p. 323, footnote 56
  9. ^ Cordula Droege, Legal Adviser of the ICRC, The Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Situations of Armed Conflict , December 2007, published by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in ISR. L. REV. Vol. 40, No.2, pp. 310-355, 2007, p. 332


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