???? ?????? ???

??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ^[1] ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ( ????? , ????? , ????? ??????) ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??? , ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ???????, ??????? ????????? ^[2]. ? ??"? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ^[3].

????? ???? ?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ????? ??, ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ???- ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??. ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ????, ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ??????: ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? , ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? . ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????: ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ^[2]^[4].

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? , ????? ????? , ????? ???? ????????? ( ??' ) , ???? ?????? , ???? ???????? , ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? , ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? , ??????? , ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? . ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? (???? ????? ?????? ???? , ????? ?????? ???? , ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???"? ). ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ?????? (??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????, ? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ). ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? (???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ) ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? . ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? (????: ???????? , ?????? , ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ). ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ^[2]^[4].

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? . ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ?????? ???, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? (????: ????? ????). ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ^[2].

?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ? ?????? , ???????, ? ?????? , ? ????? ???? , ? ?????? , ? ????? , ? ????? ??? ? ??????? , ??????? , ????? , ???? ? ??? ^[5]^[6].

?- 9 ?????? 1998 , ???? ???"? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? (???????: Declaration on Human Rights Defenders ^[7]). ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ( ??' ) ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ^[8]^[9]. ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ^[10].

??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???"?:

????? ?????.
????? ????? ????????.
????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ???.
????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???.
????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???.
????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????????.
????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ???? ????? ???"?.

???? 2000 , ???"? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ( ??' ) ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? 2022, ???? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ?? ^[8]^[11].

?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? (?????, ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ????) ^[8].

????? ????? ?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? 1997?2003 ????? 3,324 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?-50 ?????? (???? 2001 ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????). ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ^[12]. ^[^{???? ????
]}

????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ^[13]

???? 2004 , ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ^[14] ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? (Shelter City initiative) ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? 2010. ????? ????, ??????? ??????? , ???? ????? ??, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? 2012 ???? ??? ^[3]^[15].

???? 2007 , ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ( ??' ) ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? "???? ?? ??????". ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ^[5]. ???? 2017 , ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ^[16]. ???? 2012 , ???? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ^[17]. ???? 2013, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ^[6]^[18]. ????? ????, ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? , ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? (??????? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ??????? ???) ^[19]. ???? 2013, ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ^[6]. ?????? 2013, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ^[20]. ???? 2014, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ^[6]^[21]^[22]. ???? 2015 , ???? ?????? ???????? Protect Defenders ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???"? ^[5]. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, Human Rights Watch ??????? ??????????? ^[12]. ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ^[23].

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? - ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???.
??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Karen Bennett, Danna Ingleton, Alice Nah, James Savage, Critical Perspectives on the Security and Protection of Human Rights Defenders , Routledge; 2017

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??????????

Declaration on Human Rights Defenders - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend Human Rights , United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
ProtectDefenders.eu
ProtectDefenders.eu : Together with human rights defenders worldwide , ProtectDefenders.eu

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ “Human rights defender” is a term used to describe people who, individually or with others, act to promote or protect human rights , Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend Human Rights ? Factsheet No. 29’, 2004
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Who is a defender , Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
^ ¹ ² Donders, Yvonne. "Defending the Human Rights Defenders." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 34.4 (2016): 282-288.
^ ¹ ² Neto, Ulisses Terto. "Protecting Human Rights Defenders in Latin America." (2018).
^ ¹ ² ³ About human rights defenders activities , World Organisation Against Torture
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Karen Bennett, Danna Ingleton, Alice M. Nah & James Savage (2015) Critical perspectives on the security and protection of human rights defenders , The International Journal of Human Rights, 19:7, 883-895
^ Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
^ ¹ ² ³ UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders , International Service for Human Rights, 20.11.2013
^ Soohoo, Cynthia, and Diana Hortsch. "Who is a Human Rights Defender-An Essay on Sexual and Reproductive Rights Defenders." U. Miami L. Rev. 65 (2010): 981
^ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms , General Assembly resolution 53/144, Article 18, 9 December 1998
^ Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders , Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
^ ¹ ² Landman, Todd. "Holding the line: Human rights defenders in the age of terror." The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 8.2 (2006): 123-147.
^ Nah, Alice M., et al. "A research agenda for the protection of human rights defenders." Journal of Human Rights Practice 5.3 (2013): 401-420.
^ Ensuring protection ? European Union Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders , eeas.europa.eu
^ Shelter City , europarl.europa.eu
^ Defend the Defenders , Amnesty International Canada
^ MEXICO: New Law of Protection for Human Rights Defenders and Journalists , pen-international.org
^ Swiss Guidelines on the Protection of Human Rights Defenders , eda.admin.ch
^ DECLARATION ON PREVENTING SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT , Adopted in London on 11 April 2013, assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
^ Promotion of the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups andOrgans of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms: Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders , 30 January 2014
^ Cote d’Ivoire: New law will strengthen protection of human rights defenders , .ishr.ch
^ Guidelines on the Protection of Human Rights Defenders , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 10 June 2014
^ Thoolen, Johannes. "Human Rights Awards for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders." Journal of Human Rights Practice 5.3 (2013): 548-555.

[1] “Human rights defender” is a term used to describe people who, individually or with others, act to promote or protect human rights , Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Right to Defend Human Rights ? Factsheet No. 29’, 2004

[אחת-2] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Who is a defender , Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

[שבע-3] ¹ ² Donders, Yvonne. "Defending the Human Rights Defenders." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 34.4 (2016): 282-288.

[חמש-4] ¹ ² Neto, Ulisses Terto. "Protecting Human Rights Defenders in Latin America." (2018).

[שלוש-5] ¹ ² ³ About human rights defenders activities , World Organisation Against Torture

[שמונה-6] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Karen Bennett, Danna Ingleton, Alice M. Nah & James Savage (2015) Critical perspectives on the security and protection of human rights defenders , The International Journal of Human Rights, 19:7, 883-895

[7] Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

[שתיים-8] ¹ ² ³ UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders , International Service for Human Rights, 20.11.2013

[ארבע-9] Soohoo, Cynthia, and Diana Hortsch. "Who is a Human Rights Defender-An Essay on Sexual and Reproductive Rights Defenders." U. Miami L. Rev. 65 (2010): 981

[10] Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms , General Assembly resolution 53/144, Article 18, 9 December 1998

[11] Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders , Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

[אחת_עשרה-12] ¹ ² Landman, Todd. "Holding the line: Human rights defenders in the age of terror." The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 8.2 (2006): 123-147.

[שתים_עשרה-13] Nah, Alice M., et al. "A research agenda for the protection of human rights defenders." Journal of Human Rights Practice 5.3 (2013): 401-420.

[14] Ensuring protection ? European Union Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders , eeas.europa.eu

[15] Shelter City , europarl.europa.eu

[16] Defend the Defenders , Amnesty International Canada

[17] MEXICO: New Law of Protection for Human Rights Defenders and Journalists , pen-international.org

[18] Swiss Guidelines on the Protection of Human Rights Defenders , eda.admin.ch

[19] DECLARATION ON PREVENTING SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT , Adopted in London on 11 April 2013, assets.publishing.service.gov.uk

[20] Promotion of the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups andOrgans of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms: Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders , 30 January 2014

[21] Cote d’Ivoire: New law will strengthen protection of human rights defenders , .ishr.ch

[22] Guidelines on the Protection of Human Rights Defenders , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 10 June 2014

[23] Thoolen, Johannes. "Human Rights Awards for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders." Journal of Human Rights Practice 5.3 (2013): 548-555.

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