Prince-Bishopric of Cammin
|
---|
|
|
Territory (violet) about 1250
|
Status
| Vassal of
Holy Roman Empire
|
---|
Capital
| Wolin
, see till ~1150
Usedom Abbey
, see till 1175
then
Cammin
, see & chapter
Kolberg
, bishop's residence as of 1276
Koslin
, Stift government
|
---|
Common languages
| Official:
German
Unofficial:
Pomeranian
,
Kashubian
|
---|
Religion
| Catholic
till 1544, then
Lutheran
|
---|
Government
| elective monarchy
, ruled by the prince-bishop or administrator holding the
see
, elected by the
chapter
or, exceptionally, appointed by the Pope
|
---|
Prince-bishop
,
administrator
, or
chapter
(in
vacancy
)
|
|
---|
|
? 1394?1398
| Prince-Bishop
John III
|
---|
? 1479
| Prince-Bishop
Nicolaus
|
---|
? 1574?1602
| Administrator
Casimir
|
---|
? 1637?1650
| Admin.
Ernest Bogislaw
|
---|
|
Legislature
| bishop, chapter and Stift estates
|
---|
Historical era
| High Middle Ages
to
Early modern period
|
---|
|
? Cammin Diocese est.
| 1140
|
---|
| 1248
|
---|
| 1345,
1417 (conf.)
|
---|
| 1512
|
---|
? immediacy confirmed
| 1521, and 1542
|
---|
? autonomy waived, Pomeranian fief
| 1544
|
---|
| 1650
|
---|
| 1653
|
---|
|
|
Today part of
| Poland
|
---|
|
The
Bishopric of Cammin
(also Kammin, Kamie? Pomorski) was both a former Roman Catholic
diocese
in the
Duchy of Pomerania
from 1140 to 1544,
[2]
and a secular territory of the
Holy Roman Empire
(
Prince-Bishopric
) in the
Kołobrzeg
area from 1248 to 1650.
The diocese comprised the areas controlled by the
House of Pomerania
in the 12th century, thus differing from the later territory of the
Duchy of Pomerania
by the exclusion of the
Principality of Rugen
and inclusion of
Circipania
,
Mecklenburg-Strelitz
, and the northern
Uckermark
and
New March
. The diocese was rooted in the
Conversion of Pomerania
by
Otto of Bamberg
in 1124 and 1128 at the behest of Polish ruler
Bolesław III Wrymouth
,
[3]
and was dissolved during the
Protestant Reformation
, when the Pomeranian nobility adopted
Lutheranism
in 1534 and the last pre-reformatory bishop died in 1544. The Catholic diocese was succeeded by the
Pomeranian Evangelical Church
and suppressed until 1945, when its new incarnation, the
Apostolic Administration of Kamie?, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła
was re-established, succeeded by the
Diocese of Szczecin-Kamie?
in 1972, elevated to
Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamie?
in 1992.
From west to east, the diocese bordered the dioceses of
Schwerin
,
Havelberg
,
Brandenburg
,
Lubusz
,
Pozna?
,
Gniezno
and
Włocławek
.
The cathedral complex in Kamie? Pomorski is listed as a
Historic Monument of Poland
.
[4]
History
[
edit
]
Christianisation
[
edit
]
In 1000, the
Diocese of Kołobrzeg
was founded by Polish monarch
Bolesław I the Brave
, covering ecclesiastical authority over the region of
Pomerania
. Later on, it was suppressed, and the ecclesiastical authority was held by the
Archdiocese of Gniezno
.
[5]
After Duke
Bolesław III Wrymouth
of
Poland
had
conquered Pomerania until 1121/22
, Saint
Otto of Bamberg
between 1124 and 1128
Christianised the area
.
[6]
Otto's first mission in 1124 followed a failed mission by eremite Bernard in 1122, and was initiated by Bolesław with the approval of both
Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor
, and
Pope Callixtus II
.
[7]
Otto's second mission in 1128 was initiated by Lothair after a pagan reaction.
[8]
Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania
supported and aided both missions.
[9]
Between the missions, he had
expanded his duchy westward
, up to
Gustrow
.
[10]
These former
Lutician
areas were not subject to Polish overlordship, but claimed by the
Holy Roman Empire
.
[11]
[12]
Otto during his lifetime did not succeed in founding a diocese, caused by a conflict of the archbishops of
Magdeburg
and
Gniezno
about ecclesiastical hegemony in the area.
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Otto died in 1139.
[14]
Establishment and early history
[
edit
]
Pope Innocent II
founded the diocese by a
papal bull
of 14 October 1140, and made the church of St. Adalbert at
Wolin
on
Wolin
island the see of the diocese.
[14]
[17]
[18]
[19]
In the bull, the new diocese was placed "under the protection of the see of the Holy Peter", thwarting ambitions of the archbishops of
Magdeburg
and
Gniezno
, who both wanted to incorporate the new diocese as
suffragan
into their archdioceses.
[14]
[18]
Adalbert
, a former chaplain of Saint Otto who had participated in Otto's mission as an interpreter and assistant, was consecrated bishop at Rome.
[18]
[20]
Adalbert and
Ratibor I
founded
Stolpe Abbey
at the side of Wartislaw I's assassination by a pagan in 1153, the first monastery in Pomerania.
The bishops held the title of
Pomeranorum
or
Pomeranorum et Leuticorum episcopus
, referring to the tribal territories of the
Pomeranians
and
Luticians
merged in the
Duchy of Pomerania
.
[21]
In the late 12th century the territory of the
Griffin
dukes was raided several times by
Saxon
troops of
Henry the Lion
and
Danish
forces under King
Valdemar I
. The initial see of in
Wolin
was moved to
Grobe Abbey
on the island of
Usedom
after 1150.
[22]
[23]
At the same time Wolin economically decayed and was devastated by Danish expeditions, which contributed to the move to Grobe.
[23]
The see was again moved to Cammin, now Kamie? Pomorski, in 1175,
[22]
[23]
[24]
where a
chapter
was founded for the Cathedral of
St. John the Baptist
.
[23]
[25]
All this time, the question of subordinance of the Pomeranian diocese as suffragan to an archdiocese remained unsolved.
[26]
Since 1188, when the pope accepted the move of the see, the bishopric was referred to as "Roman Catholic Diocese of Cammin", while before it was addressed as
Pomeranensis ecclesia
,
[21]
Pomeranian diocese.
[27]
The pope furthermore placed the bishopric as an
exempt
diocese directly under the
Holy See
.
[28]
[29]
[30]
Since 1208, the bishops held the title
Caminensis episcopus
.
[31]
The area of the diocese resembled the area controlled by Wartislaw I and his brother and successor,
Ratibor I
.
[24]
The northern border was defined by the coastline and the border with the
Principality of Rugen
(
Ryck
river).
[32]
In the West, the diocese included
Circipania
up to
Gustrow
.
[32]
In the Southwest, the border of the diocese ran south to a line Gustrow-
Ivenack
-
Altentreptow
in a near straight west?east orientation, then took a sharp southward turn west of
Ueckermunde
to include
Prenzlau
.
[32]
The border then turned east to meet the
Oder
river south of
Gartz
and followed the Oder to the
Warta
confluence to include
Cedynia
.
[32]
In the South, the diocese border ran immediately north of the Warthe to include
Gorzow
and
My?liborz
.
[32]
The southeastern border left the Warthe area with a sharp turn running straight north to
Drawsko Pomorskie
, then turned eastwards south of the town to include
Czaplinek
.
[32]
Then, after a southeast turn, it turned northeast towards
Bytow
.
[32]
The eastern border ran east of Bytow and west of
L?bork
to meet the seacoast east of
Rowokoł
[
pl
]
.
[32]
When Emperor
Frederick I Barbarossa
deposed Henry the Lion in 1180 he granted Pomerania under
Bogislaw I
the status of an
Imperial
duchy, but from 1185 it was a Danish fief until the 1227
Battle of Bornhoved
. In 1248, the Cammin bishops and the
Pomeranian dukes
had interchanged the
terrae
Stargard
and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter.
[1]
In the following, the bishops extended their secular reign which soon comprised the
Kolberg
(now Kołobrzeg),
Koslin
(also Coslin, now Koszalin) and
Bublitz
(now Bobolice) areas.
[33]
When in 1276 they became the sovereign of the town of Kolberg also, they moved their residence there.
[1]
Bishop Hermann von Gleichen granted town rights to
Koslin (Koszalin)
in 1266 and
Massow (Maszewo)
in 1278. The administration of the episcopal secular state was done from Koslin.
[1]
In the early 13th century, the
Słupsk
and
Sławno
lands passed to the Archdiocese of Gniezno, only to return to the Diocese of Kamie? in 1317.
[34]
Prince-Bishopric
[
edit
]
The bishops at multiple occasions tried to exclude their secular reign from ducal overlordship by applying for
Imperial immediacy
.
[33]
The
Pomeranian dukes
successfully forestalled these ambitions,
[33]
and immediacy was granted only temporarily in 1345.
[1]
The addition of profane territory would be the basis for later turning the status of the diocese into a
prince-bishopric
. The episcopal territory of secular reign remained a subfief of ducal Pomerania, and did not become an immediately imperial fief.
The
Protestant Reformation
reached
Pomerania in the early 16th century
, mostly starting from the cities, and
Lutheranism
was made the
Duchy of Pomerania
's religion in 1534 by the diet of
Treptow upo Rega (Trzebiatow)
. The Pomeranian reformator
Johannes Bugenhagen
, appointed bishop of Cammin by 1544, did not assume the office, the cathedral chapter elected instead
Bartholomaeus Swawe
, the former chancellor of Duke Barnim XI of
Pomerania-Stettin
, who promptly renounced Cammin's
imperial immediacy
. From 1556 on the Griffin dukes held also the office of a titular bishop ruling in Cammin's secular territory. In 1650 the last bishop
Ernst Bogislaw von Croy
resigned and the diocese was secularised. With
Farther Pomerania
it fell to
Brandenburg-Prussia
forming its
Province of Pomerania
.
The secular territory of the former diocese continued to exist as a
prince-bishopric
and
principality
within the
Duchy of Pomerania
, and was dissolved in 1650 when it fell to
Brandenburg-Prussia
, becoming part of
Brandenburgian Pomerania
.
[35]
The area of the former principality was administered as
Furstenthum
county
within the Prussian
Province of Pomerania
until its division in 1872.
Bishops
[
edit
]
Catholic bishops
[
edit
]
- 1140?1162:
Adalbert of Pomerania
- 1163?1186: Conrad I of Salzwedel
- 1186?1202: Siegfried I
- 1202?1219: Siegwin
- 1219?1223: Conrad II von Demmin
- 1223?1245: Conrad III von Gutzkow
Prince-Bishops
[
edit
]
- 1245?1252: Wilhelm
- 1252?1288: Hermann von Gleichen
- 1288?1298:
Jaromar Prince of Rugia
(son of Prince
Vitslav II
)
- 1298: Peter
- 1299?1317?: Heinrich von Wachholz
- 1317??1324: Conrad IV
- 1324?1329: Wilhelm II
- 1324?1326: Otto (anti-bishop)
- 1326?1329: Arnold von
Eltz
(anti-bishop)
- 1329?1343: Friedrich von Eickstedt
- 1344?1372:
John I of Saxe-Lauenburg
, son of
Eric I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
- 1372?1385: Philipp von Rehberg
- 1386?1394:
John II Wilken von Kosselyn
- 1394?1398: Bogislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania, bishop elect, rivalling John III
- 1394?1398:
John III Kropidło
, Duke of
Opole
-Strzelce, rivalling Bogislaw VIII
- 1398?1410: Nikolaus Bock
- 1410?1424:
Magnus of Saxe-Lauenburg
, prince-bishop of Hildesheim, 1424?1452
- 1424?1449: Siegfried II von Bock
- 1449?1469: Henning Iwen
- 1449?1471:
sede vacante
- 1471: Henning Kessebogen
- 1471?1479: Count Ludwig von Eberstein-Naugard
- 1479:
Nicolaus von Tungen
, also Prince-Bishop of Warmia 1467?1489
- 1479?1482: Marinus Freganus
- 1482?1485: Angelo Geraldini, also
Bishop of Sessa Aurunca
1462?1486
- 1486?1498: Benedikt von Waldstein
- 1486?1488: Nikolaus Westphal, diocesan administrator
- 1499?1521: Martin Karith
- 1521?1544:
Erasmus von Manteuffel-Arnhausen
, after 1532 he lost influence in the diocesan territory except of the episcopal secular area around Kolberg
Lutheran Bishops and Superintendents
[
edit
]
- 1544?1549:
Bartholomaeus Suawe
, bishop, only for the Lutheran state church in the secular episcopal area
- 1549?1556:
Martin Weiher
von Leba (
de
), bishop, only for the Lutheran state church in the secular episcopal area
- 1556?1558: vacancy, the succeeding administrators, colloquially called bishops, lacked any theological skills
- 1558?1567:
Georg Venetus
, Stiftssuperintendent (i.e. superintendent of the
Hochstift
/prince-bishopric)
- 1568?1602:
Petrus Edeling
, superintendent of the prince-bishopric
- 1605?1620:
Adam Hamel
, superintendent of the prince-bishopric
- 1622?1645:
Immanuel Konig
, superintendent of the prince-bishopric
Pomeranian Prince-Administrators ("Bishops")
[
edit
]
- 1556?1574:
John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania
, † 1600
- 1574?1602:
Casimir IX
, Duke of
Pomerania-Wolgast
, † 1605
- 1602?1618:
Francis
, Duke of
Pomerania-Barth
, † 1620
- 1618?1623:
Ulrich
, Duke of Pomerania-Barth
- 1623?1637:
Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania
- 1637?1650:
Ernst Bogislaw von Croy
, Prince of Croy, † 1684
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Gerhard Kobler,
Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Lander: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart
, 7th edition, Munich: C.H.Beck, 2007, p. 113,
ISBN
3-406-54986-1
.
- ^
Diocese of Cammin, Germany
Archived
4 February 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Medley, D. J. (2004).
The church and the empire
. Kessinger Publishing. p. 152.
- ^
Rozporz?dzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 25 sierpnia 2005 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Kamie? Pomorski - zespoł katedralny"
, Dz. U. z 2005 r. Nr 167, poz. 1401
- ^
Labuda, Gerard (1993). "Chrystianizacja Pomorza (X?XIII stulecie)".
Studia Gda?skie
(in Polish). Vol. IX. Gda?sk-Oliwa. pp. 48?49.
- ^
Norman Davies
,
God's Playground: A History of Poland : in Two Volumes
(2005 edition), p. 69.
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, pp. 36?37,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, p. 40,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, pp. 38 and 40,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, p. 41,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
- ^
Kyra Inachim,
Die Geschichte Pommerns
, Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, p. 17,
ISBN
978-3-356-01044-2
- ^
Norbert Buske,
Pommern
, Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 11,
ISBN
3-931185-07-9
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, p. 47,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
: "...gelang es ihm nicht, ein pommersches Bistum ins Leben zu rufen ? vermutlich eine Folge der Kompetenzstreitigkeiten zwischen den Erzbistumern Gnesen und Magdeburg."
- ^
a
b
c
d
Kyra Inachim,
Die Geschichte Pommerns
, Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, p. 15,
ISBN
978-3-356-01044-2
: "Zunachst waren die kirchlichen Verhaltnisse noch ungeordnet, da sowohl Gnesen als auch Magdeburg Anspruche auf die neue Kirchenprovinz erhoben. Erst nach dem Tod des Pommernapostels Otto von Bamberg (1139) bestatigte Papst Innozenz II. 1140 das pommersche Landesbistum und unterstellte die
Pomeraniae ecclesia
dem Schutz des Heiligen Petrus. Es entstand ein unabhangiges pommersches Bistum mit Sitz in Wollin (Jumne)."
- ^
Norbert Buske,
Pommern
, Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 14,
ISBN
3-931185-07-9
: "...erhoben sowohl das Erzbistum Gnesen [...] als auch das Erzbistum Magdeburg [...] Anspruche auf das pommersche Gebiet. Die pommersche Kirche blieb deshalb zunachst unter der unmittelbaren Aufsicht von Bamberg."
- ^
Andre Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge,
Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
, p. 1061., Routledge, 2000,
ISBN
1-57958-282-6
[1]
- ^
PEK History (German)
PEK History (Polish)
- ^
a
b
c
Norbert Buske,
Pommern
, Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 14,
ISBN
3-931185-07-9
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, p. 47,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
- ^
Werner Buchholz,
Pommern
, Siedler, 1999, p. 29,
ISBN
3-88680-272-8
- ^
a
b
Wolfgang Wilhelminus et al.,
Pommern: Geschichte, Kultur, Wissenschaft
, University of Greifswald, 1990, p. 57
- ^
a
b
Norbert Buske,
Pommern
, Schwerin: Helms, 1997, pp. 14?15,
ISBN
3-931185-07-9
- ^
a
b
c
d
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, p. 48,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
- ^
a
b
Kyra Inachim,
Die Geschichte Pommerns
, Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, p. 16,
ISBN
978-3-356-01044-2
- ^
Catholic Encyclopedia
, article "Pomerania"
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, p. 48,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
: "Die Zugehorigkeit des pommerschen Bistums zu einer Erzdiozese blieb anscheinend weiter unentschieden."
- ^
Norbert Buske,
Pommern
, Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 15,
ISBN
3-931185-07-9
- ^
Jan M Piskorski,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, p. 49,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
: "Schließlich entschied der Pabst die Frage der Zugehorigkeit und unterstellte das Bistum Cammin ? sicherlich mit Zustimmung des pommerschen Klerus ? direkt Rom."
- ^
Kyra T. Inachin
,
Die Geschichte Pommerns
, Rostock: Hinstorff, 2008, p. 16,
ISBN
978-3-356-01044-2
: "1188 wurde schließlich Pommern als exemptes Bistum unmittelbar der romischen Kirche unterstellt und genoß damit eine außergewohnliche rechtliche Selbststandigkeit. Damit waren die konkurrierenden Anspruche der Erzbistumer Gnesen und Magdeburg beseitigt.
- ^
Norbert Buske,
Pommern
, Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 15,
ISBN
3-931185-07-9
: "Als 1188 die feierliche papstliche Anerkennung der Verlegung des Bischofssitzes erfolgte, wurde die exempte Stellung des Bistums, die sich inzwischen herausgebildet hatte, bestatigt. Das in der Folgezeit als Bistum Kammin bezeichnete pommersche Bistum war damit unmittelbar dem Papst unterstellt und unabhangig gegenuber den benachbarten Erzbistumern. Es war ihnen unter diesem Gesichtspunkt etwa gleichgestellt."
- ^
Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995).
Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
(in German). Munster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. p. 163.
ISBN
3-7338-0195-4
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Jan M Piskorski citing Hermann Hoogeweg,
Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten
, 1999, p. 98,
ISBN
83-906184-8-6
OCLC
43087092
- ^
a
b
c
Norbert Buske,
Pommern
, Schwerin: Helms, 1997, p. 16,
ISBN
3-931185-07-9
- ^
Labuda, Gerard (1993). "Chrystianizacja Pomorza (X?XIII stulecie)".
Studia Gda?skie
(in Polish). Vol. IX. Gda?sk-Oliwa. p. 49.
- ^
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain
:
Loffler, Klemens (1911). "
Pomerania
". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
Catholic Encyclopedia
. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
[
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