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????? ????? ?????? ????????  (?? ??????????? ???? [?]  ? ?? ????? ????) ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????, [?]  ???? ????????,  ???????, ????????, [?] [??]  ??? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? [??] [??] ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? "The Philosophy of Freedom" ?? ???????? ?????? ????? [??] ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ??????????? ? ???? ??????????  ?????????? ???????? [???? ?] [??] (???????????????? ???? ????????? [??] [??] [??] [??] ) ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? [??] ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? [??]

?? ????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ? ????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? [??] ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???, ???? ???? " ?????????? ??????? " ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????, [??] : ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ????, ????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????, ????????????? ???????? ????? ???? [??] ???? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ???, ???????? ?????????? ?????? , [??]   ????????????? ???? , [??]  ???  ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? [??]

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  1. ↑ Gnosticism meaning "In the broadest sense of the term this is any spiritual teaching that says that spiritual knowledge (Greek: gnosis ) or wisdom ( sophia ) rather than doctrinal faith ( pistis ) or some ritual practice is the main route to supreme spiritual attainment." [??]

????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ ? ? Steiner's autobiography gives his date of birth as 27 February 1861. However, there is an undated autobiographical fragment written by Steiner, referred to in a footnote in his autobiography in German (GA 28), that says, "My birth fell on 25 February 1861. Two days later I was baptized." See Christoph Lindenberg, Rudolf Steiner , Rowohlt 1992, ????????   ?-???-?????-? , p. 8. In 2009 new documentation appeared supporting a date of 27 February : see Gunter Aschoff, "Rudolf Steiners Geburtstag am 27. Februar 1861 ? Neue Dokumente" ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????, Das Goetheanum 2009/9, pp. 3ff
  2. ↑ Rudolf Steiner Autobiography: Chapters in the Course of My Life: 1861?1907 , Lantern Books, 2006
  3. ↑ "Steiner was born on 25 February 1861 in the village of Kraljevec (in what is today Croatia, but at the time in Hungary)", Heinrich Ullrich, Rudolf Steiner
  4. ↑ "Ich bin...in Ungarn geboren", "ich habe...in Ungarn die ersten eineinhalb Jahre meines Lebens verbracht", Rudolf Steiner, GA174, p. 89
  5. ↑ Steiner was "born February 27, 1861, in Kraljevec, Hungary". Paul M. Allen, "Significant Events in the Life of Rudolf Steiner", in Robert McDermott, New Essential Steiner , SteinerBooks (2009)
  6. ↑ Laszlo, Peter (2011), Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 7
  7. ↑ Hungary was officially recognized as "(an independent kingdom) within the Habsburg Monarchy." Orsolya Szakaly, "Opportunity or Threat? Napoleon and the Hungarian Estates", in Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe , Michael Rowe (ed.), Palgrave Macmillan 2003 ????????   ???-?-???-?????-?
  8. ↑ Staudenmaier, Peter (????-??-??)? "Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy" ? Nova Religio (?????? ??????)? 11 (3): 4?36? ????????   1092-6690 ? ????? : 10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.4 ?  
  9. ↑ Some of the literature regarding Steiner's work in these various fields: Goulet, P: "Les Temps Modernes?", L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hui , December 1982, pp. 8?17; Architect Rudolf Steiner ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? at GreatBuildings.com ; Rudolf Steiner International Architecture Database ; Brennan, M.: Rudolf Steiner ArtNet Magazine , 18 March 1998; Blunt, R.: Waldorf Education: Theory and Practice ? A Background to the Educational Thought of Rudolf Steiner. Master Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 1995; Ogletree, E.J.: Rudolf Steiner: Unknown Educator, Elementary School Journal , 74(6): 344?352, March 1974; Nilsen, A.: A Comparison of Waldorf & Montessori Education ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, University of Michigan; Rinder, L: Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings: An Aesthetic Perspective ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? and exhibition of Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???? ??????, at Berkeley Art Museum, 11 October 1997 ? 4 January 1998; Aurelie Chone, "Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Plays: Literary Transcripts of an Esoteric Gnosis and/or Esoteric Attempt at Reconciliation between Art and Science?", Aries, Volume 6, Number 1, 2006, pp. 27?58(32), Brill publishing; Christopher Schaefer, "Rudolf Steiner as a Social Thinker", Re-vision Vol 15, 1992; and Antoine Faivre , Jacob Needleman , Karen Voss; Modern Esoteric Spirituality , Crossroad Publishing, 1992.
  10. ↑ "Who was Rudolf Steiner and what were his revolutionary teaching ideas?" Richard Garner , Education Editor, The Independent
  11. ↑ Steiner, Correspondence and Documents 1901?1925 , 1988, p. 9. ????????   ??????????
  12. ↑ Ruse, Michael (?? ??????? ????)? The Problem of War: Darwinism, Christianity, and Their Battle to Understand Human Conflict ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 97? ????????   978-0-19-086757-7 ?  
  13. ↑ Leijenhorst, Cees (????)? " Steiner, Rudolf, * 25.2.1861 Kraljevec (Croatia), † 30.3.1925 Dornach (Switzerland)"? Hanegraaff, Wouter J. ? Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism ? Leiden / Boston: Brill? ?????? 1086? Steiner moved to Weimar in 1890 and stayed there until 1897. He complained bitterly about the bad salary and the boring philological work, but found the time to write his main philosophical works during his Weimar period. ... Steiner’s high hopes that his philosophical work would gain him a professorship at one of the universities in the German-speaking world were never fulfilled. Especially his main philosophical work, the Philosophie der Freiheit , did not receive the attention and appreciation he had hoped for.  
  14. ↑ McClelland, Norman C. (?? ??????? ????)? "Gnosticism" ? Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma ? McFarland? ?????? 100? ????????   978-0-7864-5675-8 ? In the broadest sense of the term this is any spiritual teaching that says that spiritual knowledge (Greek: gnosis ) or wisdom ( sophia ) rather than doctrinal faith ( pistis ) or some ritual practice is the main route to supreme spiritual attainment.  
  15. ↑ Sources for 'Christian Gnosticism':
    • Robertson, David G. (????)? Gnosticism and the History of Religions ? Scientific Studies of Religion: Inquiry and Explanation? Bloomsbury Publishing? ?????? 57? ????????   978-1-350-13770-7 ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ? Theosophy, together with its continental sister, Anthroposophy... are pure Gnosticism in Hindu dress...  
    • Gilmer, Jane (????)? The Alchemical Actor ? Consciousness, Literature and the Arts? Brill? ?????? 41? ????????   978-90-04-44942-8 ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ? Jung and Steiner were both versed in ancient gnosis and both envisioned a paradigmatic shift in the way it was delivered.  
    • Quispel, Gilles (????)? Layton, Bentley, ???????? The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: The school of Valentinus ? Studies in the history of religions : Supplements to Numen? E.J. Brill? ?????? 123? ????????   978-90-04-06176-7 ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ? After all, Theosophy is a pagan, Anthroposophy a Christian form of modern Gnosis.  
    • Quispel, Gilles; van Oort, Johannes (????)? Gnostica, Judaica, Catholica. Collected Essays of Gilles Quispel ? Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies? Brill? ?????? 370? ????????   978-90-474-4182-3 ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?  
    • Carlson, Maria (????)? "Petersburg and Modern Occultism" ? Livak, Leonid? A Reader's Guide to Andrei Bely's "petersburg ? University of Wisconsin Press? ?????? 58? ????????   978-0-299-31930-4 ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ? Theosophy and Anthroposophy are fundamentally Gnostic systems in that they posit the dualism of Spirit and Matter.  
    • McL. Wilson, Robert (????)? "Gnosticism" ? Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D.? The Oxford Companion to the Bible ? Oxford Companions? Oxford University Press? ?????? 256? ????????   978-0-19-974391-9 ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ? Gnosticism has often been regarded as bizarre and outlandish, and certainly it is not easily understood until it is examined in its contemporary setting. It was, however, no mere playing with words and ideas, but a serious attempt to resolve real problems: the nature and destiny of the human race, the problem of *evil, the human predicament. To a gnostic it brought a release and joy and hope, as if awakening from a nightmare. One later offshoot, Manicheism, became for a time a world religion, reaching as far as China, and there are at least elements of gnosticism in such medieval movements as those of the Bogomiles and the Cathari. Gnostic influence has been seen in various works of modern literature, such as those of William Blake and W. B. Yeats, and is also to be found in the Theosophy of Madame Blavatsky and the Anthroposophy of Rudolph Steiner. Gnosticism was of lifelong interest to the psychologist C. G. *Jung, and one of the Nag Hammadi codices (the Jung Codex) was for a time in the Jung Institute in Zurich.  
  16. ↑ Diener, Astrid; Hipolito, Jane (????) [2002]? The Role of Imagination in Culture and Society: Owen Barfield's Early Work ? Wipf and Stock Publishers? ?????? 77? ????????   978-1-7252-3320-1 ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ? a neognostic heresy  
  17. ↑ Ellwood, Robert; Partin, Harry (????) [1988, 1973]? Religious and Spiritual Groups in Modern America (2nd ???????)? Taylor & Francis? ?????? unpaginated? ????????   978-1-315-50723-1 ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ? On the one hand, there are what might be called the Western groups, which reject the alleged extravagance and orientalism of evolved Theosophy, in favor of a serious emphasis on its metaphysics and especially its recovery of the Gnostic and Hermetic heritage. These groups feel that the love of India and its mysteries which grew up after Isis Unveiled was unfortunate for a Western group. In this category there are several Neo-Gnostic and Neo-Rosicrucian groups. The Anthroposophy of Rudolf Steiner is also in this category. On the other hand, there are what may be termed "new revelation" Theosophical schisms, generally based on new revelations from the Masters not accepted by the main traditions. In this set would be Alice Bailey's groups, "I Am," and in a sense Max Heindel's Rosicrucianism.  
  18. ↑ Winker, Eldon K. (????)? The New Age is Lying to You ? Concordia scholarship today? Concordia Publishing House? ?????? 34? ????????   978-0-570-04637-0 ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ? The Christology of Cerinthus is notably similar to that of Rudolf Steiner (who founded the Anthroposophical Society in 1912) and contemporary New Age writers such as David Spangler and George Trevelyan. These individuals all say the Christ descended on the human Jesus at his baptism. But they differ with Cerinthus in that they do not believe the Christ departed from Jesus prior to the crucfixion. 12  
  19. ↑ Rhodes, Ron (????)? The Counterfeit Christ of the New Age Movement ? Christian Research Institute Series? Baker Book House? ?????? 19? ????????   978-0-8010-7757-9 ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?  
  20. ↑ Sources for 'pseudoscientific':
    • Gardner, Martin (????) [1952]? Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science ? Dover Books on the Occult? Dover Publications? ?????? 169, 224f? ????????   978-0-486-20394-2 ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ? The late Rudolf Steiner, founder of the Anthroposophical Society, the fastest growing cult in post-war Germany... Closely related to the organic farming movement is the German anthroposophical cult founded by Rudolf Steiner, whom we met earlier in connection with his writings on Atlantis and Lemuria. ... In essence, the anthroposophists' approach to the soil is like their approach to the human body?a variation of homeopathy. (See Steiner's An Outline of Anthroposophical Medical Research , English translation, 1939, for an explanation of how mistletoe, when properly prepared, will cure cancer by absorbing "etheric forces" and strengthening the "astral body.") They believe the soil can be made more "dynamic" by adding to it certain mysterious preparations which, like the medicines of homeopathic "purists," are so diluted that nothing material of the compound remains.  
    • Dugan 2007 , ??. 74?75
    • Ruse, Michael (????-??-??)? The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet ? University of Chicago Press? ?????? 128? ????????   9780226060392 ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? We have rather a mishmash of religion on the one hand and pseudoscience on the other, as critics have pointed out (e.g., Shermer 2002, 32). It is hard to tell where one ends and the other begins, but for our purposes it is not really important.  
    • Regal, Brian (????)? "Astral Projection" ? Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia: A Critical Encyclopedia ? ABC-CLIO? ?????? 29? ????????   978-0-313-35508-0 ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ? The Austrian philosopher and occultist Rudolf Steiner (1861 - 1925) claimed that, by astral projection, he could read the Akashic Record. ... Other than anecdotal eyewitness accounts, there is no evidence of the ability to astral project, the existence of other planes, or of the Akashic Record.  
    • Gorski, David H. (????)? Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C., ?????????? Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science ? MIT Press? ?????? 313? ????????   978-0-262-53704-9 ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ? To get an idea of what mystical nonsense anthroposophic medicine is, I like to quote straight from the horse's mouth, namely Physician's Association for Anthroposophic Medicine, in its pamphlet for patients:  
    • Oppenheimer, Todd (????)? The Flickering Mind: Saving Education from the False Promise of Technology ? Random House Publishing Group? ?????? 384? ????????   978-0-307-43221-6 ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ? In Dugan's view, Steiner's theories are simply "cult pseudoscience".  
    • Ruse, Michael (????)? Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten, ?????????? Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem ? University of Chicago Press? ?????? 227? ????????   978-0-226-05182-6 ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ? It is not so much that they have a persecution or martyr complex, but that they do revel in having esoteric knowledge unknown to or rejected by others, and they have the sorts of personalities that rather enjoy being on the fringe or outside. Followers of Rudolf Steiner's biodynamic agriculture are particularly prone to this syndrome. They just know they are right and get a big kick out of their opposition to genetically modified foods and so forth.  
    • Dugan 2002 , ??. 31?33
    • Kienle, Kiene ??? Albonico 2006b , ??. 7?18
    • Treue 2002
    • Storr 1997 , ??. 69?70
    • Mahner, Martin (????)? Gabbay, Dov M.; Thagard, Paul; Woods, John; Kuipers, Theo A.F., ?????????? General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues ? Handbook of the Philosophy of Science? Elsevier Science? ?????? 548? ????????   978-0-08-054854-8 ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ? Examples of such fields are various forms of “alternative healing” such as shamanism, or esoteric world views like anthroposophy ... For this reason, we must suspect that the “alternative knowledge” produced in such fields is just as illusory as that of the standard pseudosciences.  
  21. ↑
  22. ↑ R. Bruce Elder, Harmony and dissent: film and avant-garde art movements in the early twentieth century , ????????   ???-?-?????-???-? , p. 32
  23. ↑ Robert A. McDermott, "Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy", in Faivre and Needleman, Modern Esoteric Spirituality , ????????   ?-????-????-? , p. 288ff
  24. ↑ Sokolina, Anna, ed. Architecture and Anthroposophy. [Arkhitektura i Antroposofiia.] 2 editions. Moscow: KMK, 2001, 2010. 268p. 348 ills. 2001 ????????   ??????-???? , 2010 ????????   ??????-???? .
  25. ↑ ? ? Christoph Lindenberg, Rudolf Steiner , Rowohlt 1992, ????????   ?-???-?????-? , pp. 123?6
  26. ↑ Paull, John (????)? "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924" (??????) ? European Journal of Social Sciences ? 21 (1): 64?70?  
  27. ↑ Steiner, Rudolf (????), Goethean Science , GA1   .
  28. ↑ Zander, Helmut; Fernsehen, Schweizer (?? ??????????? ????), Sternstunden Philosophie: Die Anthroposophie Rudolf Steiners (program) (??????? ??????)   .

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

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  • Wilkinson, Roy, Rudolf Steiner: An Introduction to his Spiritual World-View , ????????   ?-??????-??-?
  • Wilson, Colin, Rudolf Steiner: The Man and His Vision. An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of the Founder of Anthroposophy , The Aquarian Press, 1985, ????????   ?-?????-???-?

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