????????????

???????????? ?'? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? , ????? , ??????? ??? ????? ? ????????? ????????, ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?'? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????? , ????? , ?????? , ????????? ?? ?????, ?????? , ??????? ??????????, ???????? ??????, ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????, ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?'? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????

????????? ???????????? ???????, ????????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ?'? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????

????????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?'? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?'? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?'? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?'? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ????, ??????????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ?????

???????????? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ???????????? ???, ????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?, ?'? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ? ????????????? ????, ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????

?????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

"????????????" ???? ??????? ???? ? " ???? " ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? " ???? " ????? ???????? ??????, ?? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ?'? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? " ???? " ????? ?? ^[1] ?? ?? ????? ?'??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?'?: ???? , ???? , ??? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ? " ??????????? "?? " ???? "? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? " ???? " ????? ????? ????????, ????, ???????, ?????, ??????????????? ?????, ??-?????, ?????, ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ^[2] ?????? ????????? " ???????? " ????? ????? ???? ? ????????? " ??? " ??? " ??? "? ???? " ??? "? ???? ?'? ??????? ??? " ??? "? ???? ?'? ????????? ^[3] ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? "?????"?

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????-???????? ??? ??????? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????, ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????-????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ????????-?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ^[4] ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (????) ?????, ??????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ^[5]

??????? ???????? ????? ??????-????? ???? ????????? ????? ^[6] ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???, ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???, ?????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ^[7]

?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????: ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ^[8]

???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???, ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? (venture capital) ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????'-?'?' (????-????), ?????????? ??????? (????-????) ?????' ?? ???? (????-????) ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????

???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????, ??? ???? ??????? (colony)? ???????? ????-??????? ???? ??????, ????????, ???????, ????'? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???-??? ???????? ??????? ?'??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?'??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? (financing) ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????

???????? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? physiocracy?? ???????? ????, ??? mercantilism? ?????????? ^[9] ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????: ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??? - ????? ??? ??????? ????????? - ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?'? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????

???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?'? ????, ??????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????-????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ^[10] ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?'?? ?????? ???? ????????? mercantilism? ????? ?'? ????? ??? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????

???? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

"????????????"? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ^[11]

??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????-?????????? ???????? ??????? ^[12]^[13] ????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? "? ??????? ????'?? ?? ????????????, ?????????? ???? ????"? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ^[14] ??????? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? "?????????????????" ??????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ?'?: ?? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????? "??? ?????????? ??????" ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ^[15]

?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?'?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?'?????? ???? ??? ?'?, ?? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ^[16] ?????????? ???????? ???? ?'?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?'? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?'?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?'?? ^[17] ???? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????

?????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?'??? ????? ?'?? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????-????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?'??? ????? ??? ?????: ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?'?? ^[18]

?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?'?? ^[19]^[20] ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?'?, ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ^[21] ????, ??????? ??? ??????-??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????: ?'? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?'?? ^[22]

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ^[23]

????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????: ??????, ????, ?????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?'?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ???? ???????? ^[24]

???? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????

????????? ?????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ?'? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? value added ???? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???, ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? GDP ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????

????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????, ?????? ???, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????

????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ?'? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???-????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?'? ????? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????, ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????

?????? ?????????? ???-????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???, ? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????

????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ?'? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???, ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????

????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????????

?? ??????? ?'?? [ ???????? ??? ]

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??? ???? ??????? ?'?? [ ???????? ??? ]

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???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ???????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

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???????? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

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???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ Britannica. Artha. https://www.britannica.com/topic/artha
↑ Moiner-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary. Search Result for "artha". https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc2/index.php
↑ Etymonline. Etymology of "economy". https://www.etymonline.com/word/economy
↑ Sheila C. Dow (2005), "Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27 (3), p. 385-391.
↑ Charles F. Horne, Ph.D. (1915). "The Code of Hammurabi : Introduction" . Yale University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070908205713/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hammint.htm ? ???? ??? ????: September 14, 2007 .
↑ Aragon, Fernando M.; Oteiza, Francisco; Rud, Juan Pablo (2021-02-01). "Climate Change and Agriculture: Subsistence Farmers' Response to Extreme Heat" (en ?????). American Economic Journal: Economic Policy ???? 13 (1): 1?35. doi : 10.1257/pol.20190316 . ISSN 1945-7731 . https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20190316 ? ???? ??? ????: July 30, 2022 .
↑ Bronson, Bennet (November 1976), "Cash, Cannon, and Cowrie Shells: The Nonmodern Moneys of the World" , Bulletin , 47 , ??????? Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, pp. 3?15 , https://archive.org/stream/fieldmuseumofnat47chica#page/n193/mode/2up .
↑ G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 136?137, noting that economic historian Moses Finley maintained "serf" was an incorrect term to apply to the social structures of classical antiquity.
↑ Quesnay, Francois. An Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World- preview entry:Physiocrats & physiocracy . Charles Scribner & Sons . https://www.scribd.com/doc/150712162/Physiocracy ? ???? ??? ????: February 24, 2014 .
↑ "Industrial History of European Countries" . Council of EuropeEuropean Route of Industrial Heritage . https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries ? ???? ??? ????: 2 June 2021 .
↑ Goldstein, Jacob (28 February 2014). "The Invention Of 'The Economy'" . NPR - Planet Money . https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/02/28/283477546/the-invention-of-the-economy .
↑ Taylor C. Boas, Jordan Gans-Morse (June 2009). "Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan". Studies in Comparative International Development ???? 44 (2): 137?61. doi : 10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5 .
↑ Springer, Simon; Birch, Kean; MacLeavy, Julie, eds (2016). The Handbook of Neoliberalism . Routledge . ??????. 3 . ISBN 978-1138844001 . https://www.routledge.com/The-Handbook-of-Neoliberalism/Springer-Birch-MacLeavy/p/book/9781138844001 ? ???? ??? ????: July 30, 2022 .
↑ "What Is Keynesian Economics? ? Back to Basics ? Finance & Development, September 2014" . www.imf.org . http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/09/basics.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2 November 2015 .
↑ Koppstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005), Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, And Institutions In A Changing Global Order , Cambridge University Press, p. 156, ISBN 0-521-60395-1 , https://archive.org/details/comparativepolit0000unse_t7g3 .
↑ ??????????? ??'?????? ???????? https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union
↑ ??????? ??? ?'?????? ?????, ????-????? ?? ? ?? ??? https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/soviet-economy-1917-1991-its-life-and-afterlife
↑ ??????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shock-therapy.asp
↑ ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? https://byjus.com/current-affairs/lpg-reforms/#:~:text=India%20made%20LPG%20reforms%20in,world%20for%20trade%20and%20commerce.
↑ ????? ???????? ?????? ????? https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview
↑ ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????????? https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/china-next-leap-in-manufacturing
↑ ??? ?? ??? ??????????????? https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization#:~:text=Globalization%20is%20the%20word%20used,investment%2C%20people%2C%20and%20information.
↑ ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???'????? https://www.bsr.org/en/emerging-issues/the-global-population-slowdown
↑ ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-economy-and-the-internet-what-lies-ahead/

[1] Britannica. Artha. https://www.britannica.com/topic/artha

[2] Moiner-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary. Search Result for "artha". https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc2/index.php

[3] Etymonline. Etymology of "economy". https://www.etymonline.com/word/economy

[Sheila-4] Sheila C. Dow (2005), "Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27 (3), p. 385-391.

[yale2-5] Charles F. Horne, Ph.D. (1915). "The Code of Hammurabi : Introduction" . Yale University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070908205713/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hammint.htm ? ???? ??? ????: September 14, 2007 .

[6] Aragon, Fernando M.; Oteiza, Francisco; Rud, Juan Pablo (2021-02-01). "Climate Change and Agriculture: Subsistence Farmers' Response to Extreme Heat" (en ?????). American Economic Journal: Economic Policy ???? 13 (1): 1?35. doi : 10.1257/pol.20190316 . ISSN 1945-7731 . https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20190316 ? ???? ??? ????: July 30, 2022 .

[brony-7] Bronson, Bennet (November 1976), "Cash, Cannon, and Cowrie Shells: The Nonmodern Moneys of the World" , Bulletin , 47 , ??????? Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, pp. 3?15 , https://archive.org/stream/fieldmuseumofnat47chica#page/n193/mode/2up .

[8] G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 136?137, noting that economic historian Moses Finley maintained "serf" was an incorrect term to apply to the social structures of classical antiquity.

[9] Quesnay, Francois. An Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World- preview entry:Physiocrats & physiocracy . Charles Scribner & Sons . https://www.scribd.com/doc/150712162/Physiocracy ? ???? ??? ????: February 24, 2014 .

[10] "Industrial History of European Countries" . Council of EuropeEuropean Route of Industrial Heritage . https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries ? ???? ??? ????: 2 June 2021 .

[invention-11] Goldstein, Jacob (28 February 2014). "The Invention Of 'The Economy'" . NPR - Planet Money . https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/02/28/283477546/the-invention-of-the-economy .

[Boas20092-12] Taylor C. Boas, Jordan Gans-Morse (June 2009). "Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan". Studies in Comparative International Development ???? 44 (2): 137?61. doi : 10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5 .

[13] Springer, Simon; Birch, Kean; MacLeavy, Julie, eds (2016). The Handbook of Neoliberalism . Routledge . ??????. 3 . ISBN 978-1138844001 . https://www.routledge.com/The-Handbook-of-Neoliberalism/Springer-Birch-MacLeavy/p/book/9781138844001 ? ???? ??? ????: July 30, 2022 .

[14] "What Is Keynesian Economics? ? Back to Basics ? Finance & Development, September 2014" . www.imf.org . http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/09/basics.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2 November 2015 .

[15] Koppstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005), Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, And Institutions In A Changing Global Order , Cambridge University Press, p. 156, ISBN 0-521-60395-1 , https://archive.org/details/comparativepolit0000unse_t7g3 .

[16] ??????????? ??'?????? ???????? https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union

[17] ??????? ??? ?'?????? ?????, ????-????? ?? ? ?? ??? https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/soviet-economy-1917-1991-its-life-and-afterlife

[18] ??????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shock-therapy.asp

[19] ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? https://byjus.com/current-affairs/lpg-reforms/#:~:text=India%20made%20LPG%20reforms%20in,world%20for%20trade%20and%20commerce.

[20] ????? ???????? ?????? ????? https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview

[21] ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????????? https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/china-next-leap-in-manufacturing

[22] ??? ?? ??? ??????????????? https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization#:~:text=Globalization%20is%20the%20word%20used,investment%2C%20people%2C%20and%20information.

[23] ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???'????? https://www.bsr.org/en/emerging-issues/the-global-population-slowdown

[24] ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-economy-and-the-internet-what-lies-ahead/

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