???? ????

?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????.

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2014 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????: ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????.

????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????.

????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1991? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ???????? ≪?????≫ ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ^[4]^[5]

???????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? (1990-1992)? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????.

??????? ??? ??? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ^[6] ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1988? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1991 ?? ????????? ?? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1994? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? 1994? ??? ??? 2017 ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? 2020? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????.

???? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? 1991-1992 ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 1992-1993? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? 2008? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????.

??? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2014 ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???. ^[7]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Simon Tisdall (22 ?????? 2010). "This dangerous new world of self-interested nations" . The Guardian. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-22 .
^ "North and South Korea: A Frozen Conflict on the Verge of Unfreezing?" . Isn.ethz.ch. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-22 .
^ "Europe: Frozen conflicts" . The Economist. 19 ?????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-22 .
^ Walker, Robert Orttung, Christopher. "Putin's Frozen Conflicts" . Foreign Policy (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2021-10-07 . Retrieved 2021-05-20 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )
^ Jukic, Luka. "How Russia Keeps Post-Soviet States in Its Orbit | Palladium Magazine" (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2023-02-20 . Retrieved 2021-05-29 .
^ "General Assembly adopts resolution reaffirming territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, demanding withdrawal of all Armenian forces" . United Nations. 14 ???? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-08-30 .
^ Will Ukraine's Crimea region be Europe's next 'frozen' conflict? , CNN, Feb 28, 2014 ???? ?????? 2020-08-07 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[tisdall-1] Simon Tisdall (22 ?????? 2010). "This dangerous new world of self-interested nations" . The Guardian. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-22 .

[isn-2] "North and South Korea: A Frozen Conflict on the Verge of Unfreezing?" . Isn.ethz.ch. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-22 .

[economist-3] "Europe: Frozen conflicts" . The Economist. 19 ?????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-22 .

[4] Walker, Robert Orttung, Christopher. "Putin's Frozen Conflicts" . Foreign Policy (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2021-10-07 . Retrieved 2021-05-20 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )

[5] Jukic, Luka. "How Russia Keeps Post-Soviet States in Its Orbit | Palladium Magazine" (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2023-02-20 . Retrieved 2021-05-29 .

[6] "General Assembly adopts resolution reaffirming territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, demanding withdrawal of all Armenian forces" . United Nations. 14 ???? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-08-30 .

[7] Will Ukraine's Crimea region be Europe's next 'frozen' conflict? , CNN, Feb 28, 2014 ???? ?????? 2020-08-07 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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??????????	* ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ( ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ) ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? (1945?1946) ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? 1946 ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? 1947 ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? 1948 ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ( ??? ??????? ?????? ??? 1948 ?????? ) ?????? ????-?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ???????) ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????
?????????	* ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? 23 ????? ???????? ???????? ?? 1953 ??????? 1953 ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? 1954 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (1955) ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? 1956 ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? " ????? ?????? " ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? 1957 ???? ????? 1958 ???? ???? 1958 ) ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? 1959 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????
????????	* ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??-2 ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? 1960 ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ( ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ) ???? ????? 1961 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ( ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ) ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????-??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? 1963 ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? 14 ?????? ?????? 1963 ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?. ?????? ???? ???? 1963-1964 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? 1964 ????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1966 ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 1967 ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? 1968 ????? ???? 1968 ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1969 ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????
?????????	???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? 1970 ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? 1971 ???????? ??????? ???????? 1971 ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? 1972 ??? 1972 ??????? ???? ???????? 1972?1975 ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? 1973 ?????? ????? ??? 1973 ??? ?????? ??? ????? 1973 ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? 1976 ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? 902 ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? 1978 ??? ????? 1979 ????? ????? ????? 1979 ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? 1979 ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
??????????	????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 1980 ?1984 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? 1980 ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? 1982 ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? (1985) ????? ????? ?????? 1986 ??? ???? ????? ??????? 1986 ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? 1988 ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? 8888 ???? ????? ( ?? ????? ???????? ) ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? 007 ?????? ????????? 1986 ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? 1988 ??????? ???? ???????? ????? 1989 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????
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