????????

???????? ??? ????
( ?????????? : Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn )?
??????? ?????
??? ???????	( ?????????? : Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn )?
???????	15 ????? ? 1606 ; ????? ? ??????
??????	4 ?????? ? 1669 ; ???????? ? ??????
???????	??????
?????	????????
??????	?????? ??? ??????? (22 ????? 1634?14 ????? 1642)
???????	????? ??? ???
?????? ???????
???????	????? ?????? ???????? ; ???????
??????? ????	????? ????? (??????: ?????? ) (1620?1621)
???? ???	???? ???????
???????? ?????????	egruthierefe
??????	?????? ????? ???????
??????	?????????
???? ?????	???
????? ?????	????? ????? ; ????? ????? (????) ; ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ; ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? (????)
??????	????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????
???????
	????? ????? - ?????

???????? ???????? ??? ???? ( ?????????? : Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn ) ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1606 ????? ??? 1669 ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1631 ?. ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? (??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????).

??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????.

?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? . ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ^[5] ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ^[6]

?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????.

???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? . ^[7] ???? ???? ≪???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????≫ ^[8] ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ≪??????? ?? ????????! ???? ?????? ????? ????????! ?? ????????? ????? ????! ??? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???!≫. ^[9] ??? ?????? ??? ??? : ≪???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???. ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????- ??? ???? ???? ????≫. ^[10]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ^[11] ???????? ??? ???? ?? 15 ????? ?? ??? 1606 ?? ????? ? ?? ????????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?????? . ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????. ^[12] ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ^[13]

????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 14 ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ^[14] ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????. ^[15] ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ^[16]^[17]

????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1624 ?? ?? ??? 1625? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1627? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? 1628. ^[18]

????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????)? ???????? ?? ??? 1629? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? 1646. ^[19]

????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? 1631? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? 1634 ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[20]^[21] ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. ^[22] ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????. ^[23]

????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 1635 ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????. ?????? ?? ??? 1639 ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ???? ????????) ?? ?? ≪????????≫ ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? 13000 ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ^[23] ??????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????. ^[24] ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ^[25] ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1635? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1638. ????? ?? ??? 1640 ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1641? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1642 ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? . ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[26]

????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? (??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? [???] ????? ???????)? ????? ??? ???? ???? 200 ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (???? ≪????????≫) ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ^[27]

??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 1654? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ≪???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????≫. ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????????. ^[28] ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ^[26]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? .
?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? (????? ?????) ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? .
???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? .
??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? .
?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .

?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????: ????? ???????? (1660)? ???? ?? ????? (1662)? ?????? ???? (1660)? ????? ???????? (1662) ??????? ???????? (1665)? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????: ??? ???? ????? (?)? ???????? ?????? (?. 1562)? ?????? ?? ??? ??? (1654)? ????? ????????? (1655)? ???? ????? ????? (????????) (1660) ? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? , ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1822.html . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "Rembrandts sporen aan de Universiteit Leiden" (??????????). Universiteit Leiden . 23 Dec 2013.
^ Cornelis Hofstede de Groot (1914), A Catalogue Raisonne of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth century Based on the work of John Smith (??????????), p. 1, QID : Q21034929
^ https://www.mauritshuis.nl/en/discover/exhibitions/rembrandt-and-the-mauritshuis/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ Gombrich, p. 427.
^ Clark 1969 ? ????? 203
^ Clark 1969 ? ????? 203?204
^ Clark 1969 ? ????? 205
^ ?????? ????? : Art: Conversations with Paul Gsell . Translated from the French by Jacques de Caso and Patricia B. Sanders. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984) ( ???? 0-520-03819-3 ), p. 85. Originally published as Auguste Rodin, L'Art: Entretiens reunis par Paul Gsell (Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1911). Auguste Rodin: “Me comparer a Rembrandt, quel sacrilege! A Rembrandt, le colosse de l'Art! Y pensez-vous, mon ami! Rembrandt, prosternons-nous et ne mettons jamais personne a cote de lui!” (original in French)
^ Wessels, Anton: Van Gogh and the Art of Living: The Gospel According to Vincent van Gogh . (Wipf & Stock, 2013, ( ???? 978-1-62564-109-0 ))
^ This version of his first name, "Rembrandt" with a "d," first appeared in his signatures in 1633. Until then, he had signed with a combination of initials or monograms. In late 1632, he began signing solely with his first name, "Rembrant". He added the "d" in the following year and stuck to this spelling for the rest of his life. Although we can only speculate, this change must have had a meaning for Rembrandt, which is generally interpreted as his wanting to be known by his first name like the great figures of the Italian Renaissance: Leonardo, Raphael etc., who did not sign with their first names, if at all. Rembrandt-signature-file.com ???? ?????? 9 ????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Bull, et al., p. 28.
^ "Doopregisters, Zoek" (??????????). Stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl. 3 Apr 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-07-12 . Retrieved 2014-04-07 . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ ?????? ????????? Rembrandt biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) by ?????? ??????? , courtesy of the ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ?????? 2022-05-08 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Joris van Schooten as teacher of Rembrandt and Lievens ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine in Simon van Leeuwen's Korte besgryving van het Lugdunum Batavorum nu Leyden , Leiden, 1672
^ Rembrandt biography ???? ?????? 20 ?????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine , nationalgallery.org.uk
^ Erhardt, Michelle A., and Amy M. Morris. 2012. Mary Magdalene, Iconographic Studies from the Middle Ages to the Baroque . Boston : Brill. p. 252. ( ???? 978-90-04-23195-5 ). ???? ?????? 2020-03-13 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Slive has a comprehensive biography, pp. 55ff.
^ Slive, pp. 60, 65
^ Slive, pp. 60?61
^ "Netherlands, Noord-Holland Province, Church Records, 1553?1909 Image Netherlands, Noord-Holland Province, Church Records, 1553?1909; pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1971-31164-16374-68" . Familysearch.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-07 .
^ Registration of the banns of Rembrandt and Saskia , kept at the Amsterdam City Archives ???? ?????? 2022-11-19 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? Bull, et al., p. 28
^ Clark, 1978, pp. 26?27, 76, 102
^ Adams, p. 660
^ ^? ^? Slive, p. 71
^ Driessen, pp. 151?57
^ Slive, p. 82

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
???????? ??? ???? MusicBrainz (??????????)
???????? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)
???????? ??? ???? Discogs (??????????)
???????? ??? ???? ????????? (???????)
Literature
Rembrandt, The Hundred Guilder Print
Paintings by Rembrandt

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????????

[wikidata-6db99a4361aa72404c35c11c7de95c45f1ba62a4-1] ttps://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1822.html . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-91ed2fd3f0d19a413a45466b41adfbae8bc5d1f4-2] "Rembrandts sporen aan de Universiteit Leiden" (??????????). Universiteit Leiden . 23 Dec 2013.

[wikidata-a4e3426a22b7e49639dea339e11ecd25def5d97f-3] Cornelis Hofstede de Groot (1914), A Catalogue Raisonne of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth century Based on the work of John Smith (??????????), p. 1, QID : Q21034929

[wikidata-bd11281a55eb76646e5c41e43b4ac56407c369d6-4] ttps://www.mauritshuis.nl/en/discover/exhibitions/rembrandt-and-the-mauritshuis/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[5] Gombrich, p. 427.

[Clark_203-6] Clark 1969 ? ????? 203

[Clark_203_204-7] Clark 1969 ? ????? 203?204

[Clark_205-8] Clark 1969 ? ????? 205

[Rodin-9] ?????? ????? : Art: Conversations with Paul Gsell . Translated from the French by Jacques de Caso and Patricia B. Sanders. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984) ( ???? 0-520-03819-3 ), p. 85. Originally published as Auguste Rodin, L'Art: Entretiens reunis par Paul Gsell (Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1911). Auguste Rodin: “Me comparer a Rembrandt, quel sacrilege! A Rembrandt, le colosse de l'Art! Y pensez-vous, mon ami! Rembrandt, prosternons-nous et ne mettons jamais personne a cote de lui!” (original in French)

[10] Wessels, Anton: Van Gogh and the Art of Living: The Gospel According to Vincent van Gogh . (Wipf & Stock, 2013, ( ???? 978-1-62564-109-0 ))

[11] This version of his first name, "Rembrandt" with a "d," first appeared in his signatures in 1633. Until then, he had signed with a combination of initials or monograms. In late 1632, he began signing solely with his first name, "Rembrant". He added the "d" in the following year and stuck to this spelling for the rest of his life. Although we can only speculate, this change must have had a meaning for Rembrandt, which is generally interpreted as his wanting to be known by his first name like the great figures of the Italian Renaissance: Leonardo, Raphael etc., who did not sign with their first names, if at all. Rembrandt-signature-file.com ???? ?????? 9 ????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine

[12] Bull, et al., p. 28.

[13] "Doopregisters, Zoek" (??????????). Stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl. 3 Apr 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-07-12 . Retrieved 2014-04-07 . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[Houbraken-14] ?????? ????????? Rembrandt biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) by ?????? ??????? , courtesy of the ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ?????? 2022-05-08 ?? Wayback Machine

[15] Joris van Schooten as teacher of Rembrandt and Lievens ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine in Simon van Leeuwen's Korte besgryving van het Lugdunum Batavorum nu Leyden , Leiden, 1672

[16] Rembrandt biography ???? ?????? 20 ?????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine , nationalgallery.org.uk

[17] Erhardt, Michelle A., and Amy M. Morris. 2012. Mary Magdalene, Iconographic Studies from the Middle Ages to the Baroque . Boston : Brill. p. 252. ( ???? 978-90-04-23195-5 ). ???? ?????? 2020-03-13 ?? Wayback Machine

[18] Slive has a comprehensive biography, pp. 55ff.

[19] Slive, pp. 60, 65

[20] Slive, pp. 60?61

[21] "Netherlands, Noord-Holland Province, Church Records, 1553?1909 Image Netherlands, Noord-Holland Province, Church Records, 1553?1909; pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1971-31164-16374-68" . Familysearch.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-07 .

[22] Registration of the banns of Rembrandt and Saskia , kept at the Amsterdam City Archives ???? ?????? 2022-11-19 ?? Wayback Machine

[Bull-28-23] ? ^? Bull, et al., p. 28

[24] Clark, 1978, pp. 26?27, 76, 102

[25] Adams, p. 660

[Slive-71-26] ? ^? Slive, p. 71

[27] Driessen, pp. 151?57

[28] Slive, p. 82

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